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              <text>Brian Schrott</text>
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              <text>The “unconstitutional ‘constitutional’ convention in South Carolina” plans to formally disfranchise the black man at the start of the new year.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18971225.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>The provisions of the acts of the unconstitutional “constitutional” convention in South Carolina will go into effect January 1, 1898. Only twelve thousand colored citizens out of a total of one hundred and twenty-eight thousand have registered under its provisions while ninety thousand white citizens are names as having complied with the requirements.
Some of our contemporaries of color are much wrought up over this condition of affairs and see dire disaster for us as a people so far as South Carolina is concerned.
We do not share in this opinion. We will be no worse off than we were before. These prejudiced bourbon democrats have simply put into the constitution that which they have been practicing without its authority. They have poisoned the fountain-head of the government itself and henceforth will flow therefrom corruption, which in due course of time will pollute not only the present generation, but those who are to follow after.
There are immutable laws, the violation of which brings punishment. Were this not so ethics would be falsehoods and the Bible a mockery.
Twelve thousand colored votes will be more potent in the present condition of affairs in shaping the destinies of South Carolina, than were the 128,000 before. White men will think that the Negro will “cut no figure” and will sooner or later divide; and so evenly that two thousand Negro votes will be effective in settling the contest one way or the other.
Under the present regime, unmarred so to speak by this unconstitutional “constitutional” enactment, Hon. G. W. Murray is making a fight for his seat in the halls of Congress.
The time will yet come when the unrest caused by this action will result in the discomfiture of the leading parties to the robbery.
When white men have no Negroes to disfranchise, they proceed to operate upon the weaker elements of their own people. Let us not be discouraged. Let us have hope, the Almighty has this matter in hand and fretting and impatient utterances should not cause us to forget that, – the “hand of God is in all history.”</text>
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              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18971225-Violating the Federal Constitution</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1897-12-25</text>
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                <text>Violating the Federal Constitution</text>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>The Planet accuses the “Democrats of Henrico County” of unconstitutionally disregarding the black vote. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031010.1.1&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Trouble in the County. 
Democrats Fighting – Only Themselves Damaged.
All Whites for Each Other
Hot Times and Bitter Speeches – Colored Folks Happy. 
The Democrats of Henrico county, Va., are having a Kilkenny cat time of it in their political warfare. This is the country in which the colored voter was about the worst robbed mortal on the face of the globe. The new unconstitutional Constitution has practically removed the colored citizen out of the equation and the ballot-box stuffers and the tallysheet manipulators have been practically out of a job. The desire to play the game again has been so great that they began operations on members of their own party and the result is “There’s a hot time in the old town tonight.”
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                <text>October Summaries</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1903-10-10</text>
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                <text>Trouble in the County</text>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>White mobs “drove away” black men attempting to “pay the poll taxes” in order to vote by threatening them with shotguns at the entrance of “the county treasury”. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031212.1.4&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Trouble at Berkley.
The Democrats of Berkley or rather certain lawless elements of that party went to the office of the county treasurer and drove away the colored men who were there to pay the poll taxes as a prerequisite to voting. These lawless elements were armed with shotguns and threatened to use them. The County Treasurer was forced to seek an asylum in the station house. The reasons given were that this white treasurer received the poll-tax from colored men while difficulties were thrown in the way of white men. 
No arrests have been made as a result of his high-handed proceeding. It is rather surprising that the colored people in that section submitted to it. They are as a rule property owners, thrifty and responsible and some of our best friends are to be found in that locality. 
These white men, who are outlawing themselves will yet meet a condition of affairs, which will astound them. Colored men will not forever submit to this flagrant curtailment of their rights. The masses are disenfranchised and the better elements of us are now driven from the county treasurer’s office with shotguns, although we are there on a peaceful mission, complying with the specific provisions of a law as enacted by an all white Virginia legislature. </text>
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                <text>December Summaries</text>
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              <text>Brooke Royer</text>
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              <text>The Planet criticizes the Constitutional Convention members for a lack of justice and “following a dark and torturous way.”&#13;
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              <text>The Petersburg, Va., Index Appeal in its issue of the 16th inst says:&#13;
After nearly one year’s consideration of the subject, the Constitutional Convention is in a greater muddle over the suffrage problem now than it was at the beginning. It has apparently put aside the grandfather’s clause folly as something too preposterous to affront the common sense of the public with, but it has gone to wrangling over the kindred follies of an understanding clause and a property qualification clause. The reports from Richmond tell us that as a result of the adoption of the property qualification condition there was great confusion in the Democratic Conference. And well there might be, for the measure is a step backwards of a hundred years and is an assault upon every essential principle of true Democracy. It is anachronism in the politics of Virginia in the Twentieth Century. With such a feature incorporated in the new Constitution, the Convention will not dare to submit that instrument to the ratification of even a restricted electorate, such as Mr. Glass proposes.&#13;
It concludes as follows:&#13;
All this trouble comes from the attempt to do by indirection and in violation of law, and right, and justice, what could be done directly in a plain, easy, lawful, rightful, and just way. It is amazing that the ablest and most learned men of the State will deliberately shut their eyes to the plain and safe course which lies directly before them, and persist in following a dark and torturous way which is beset on every hand with doubt and difficulty and danger. &#13;
All that the exigencies of the times demand, all that the conditions of the State require, all that the people of Virginia expect is that the Constitutional Convention will frame a suffrage law based upon true manhood and compliance with the requirements of an honest and intelligent citizenship. That ought not to be a difficult task.&#13;
But what is the use of further comment? We doff our hat to the Index Appeal.</text>
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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>The Planet comments on the disenfranchisement of black voters in South Carolina.</text>
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              <text>South Carolina’s unconstitutional “Constitutional” Convention has met and adjourned.
	The novel character of this body was somewhat discounted by the fact that Mississippi had made the same sort of exhibition of its weakness before. Here was a bold attempt to disfranchise citizens of African descent by legal processes. Here was a declaration to the world that the doctrine of universal suffrage was all wrong and that the government of the many by the few was the only proper method to be practiced in South Carolina.
	This is an open confession that free institutions are failures, and that ring-rule and favoritism must forever hold sway in the Southland.
	That prince of demagogues, Senator B. R. Tillman made what has been termed the speech of his death, for it will haunt him to his grave.
	His misrepresentations and his falsehoods covered up under the verbiage of flowing rhetoric and fervid oratory will forever remain as a grim sentinel showing the depravity of man and demonstrating how far a human being may go in his search for continuation of power, and the increase of notoriety. 
	Senator Tillman conceded that the enactment of the constitutional provisions on the suffrage question was done to ease conscience.
	It was the intention to legalize lawlessness. Had he consulted history or read ethics, he would have arrived at the conclusion that it was and is impossible for this to be done.
	This mongrel document, the work of this unconstitutional “Constitutional Convention” will react upon the very children of those who conceived and put it into execution.
	The Scriptures have specified the only true way to a realization of happiness.
	It is not by deception and fraud, or by making the people of a whole state a party to criminal act.
	The people of South Carolina have not as yet through their properly accredited representatives framed a constitution.
	A ring controlled by Senator Tillman has done so. In his speech, he gave the same reasons that the thief gives for relieving a passer-by, the robber gives for robbing a citizen, the burglar gives for looting a bank, the murderer gives for slaying his victims. He pleads justification, and in so doing makes the alleged tool the responsible party while the principal who caused the act to be done is allowed to go “unwhipt of justice” unpunished by the rigors of the law which he has put into operation.
	The citizen of African descent smiles at the frantic efforts of this bourbon to further humiliate and disfranchise us. We are beyond the reach of his powerful arm, and know that all his labor is in vain. 
	On with the persecution, on with the disfranchisement, on with the torrent of undeserved abuse! We stood two hundred and fifty years of the most galling slavery known to mankind; we can weather all of the onerous laws you may see fit to crowd upon your statute-books.
	Wrong-doing carries with it punishment. Ruinous race-legislation reacts upon those who put it into operation and while our enemies may be throttling us in the field of political endeavor, we shall find industrial life-eternal in the school, the field, the workshop of this country.
	You may attempt to check our growth in South Carolina, we will yet reach our full measure of citizenship in other sections of our great land and the reaction will be so pronounced and telling that the action of today will either be a dead-letter or posterity will rise up and with a wave of indignation wipe them from the statutes of the state which they have so ling contaminated.
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              <text>Federal Election Laws are being repealed,. which brings the possibility of greater voter fraud in elections.</text>
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              <text>The Federal Election Laws which have been upon the statue books for more than a quarter of a century have been repealed, and the ballot-box stuffers, political thieves,and ward manipulators have nothing to fear so far as the federal authorities are concerned.
The South rejoices, believing that one of the principles for which it contended during the War of Rebellion has been accepted as sound by the nation.
However, there is an uneasiness apparent. The failure of the Republican leaders to filibuster has puzzles the moss-back element of the Democratic Party who believed that “a fight to the death” would be made.
This feeling is shared by thousands of Republicans who thought that the Senators of their party would avail themselves of the privilege of debate and talk the Tucker Bill to death.
But the leaders of our party in the Senate were wiser than they knew.
The measure upon the statute books was not worth the effort. It has become useless and unless it was reinforced by other important amendments could not serve the purposes for which it was intended, -namely to secure to every man a free ballot and a fair count. But what will be the effect of this repeal Since the Democratic Party had become so violent in its antagonism to these laws, would not their repeal prove disastrous to the Republican Party? Not at all.
As usual, it was pandering to a sentiment predominant in the South. It was “throwing the tub to the whale.”
Let us see. It is a conceded fact that the Federal Election Laws were inoperative so far as the South was concerned and almost useless so far as the North and West were concerned inasmuch as in the former section fraud was boldly resorted to and murder put into operation whenever the occasion required in order to roll up the usual majority for the democratic ticket.
In the latter sections, all of the states have election-laws under the operation of which whenever there is a positive upheaval ordinary fraud will not prevent the positive expression of the people at the polls. It was to remedy the evil in the South that the Lodge Federal Election Bill was passed by a Republican House of Representatives, then presided over by Speaker Reed. The attempt failed owing to the treachery of certain Republican Senators.
As the matter stands now, there is no law relating to federal elections.
With the success of the Republican Party in ‘96 will come an excuse for the placing upon the statute books laws which will make citizens equally free, certainly so far as national elections are concerned.
Had the Democratic leaders left the measure which their party has repealed upon the books and made it less inoperative than before by amendments thereto, they would have been in better trim for the fight just ahead than they will be now.
The republican Party has emphasized the principle that the Party in power is responsible for the legislation of the country and should not be blocked in its attempt to carry out its policy.
The responsibility will accordingly be placed where it belongs.
Take it all in all by the passage of the Tucker Bill and the failure to pass another measure to take the place of the one repealed the leaders have added another to the longlist of the Democratic blunders even though it will take them four years to see it.
The Republican Party has a definite policy. Its position so far as fair elections are concerned is well known and it will be sure to carry out its pledges when the nation sees fit to again entrust it with power.</text>
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                <text>The Repeal of the Federal Election Laws</text>
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              <text>Nathan Lyell</text>
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              <text>An editor of a newspaper in New York asks John Mitchel’s opinion about the effect of disfranchisement.</text>
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              <text>Managing Editor,
        	“The Planet”
                    	Richmond, Virginia
Dear Sir:--
        	A correspondent writes to us from Birmingham, Ala., predicting that the disfranchisement of the Negroes will eliminate the race question from politics and that it will rapidly be followed by a breaking up of the “Solid South.”
        	He is both enthusiastic and emphatic in declaring that Alabama, and subsequently a number of other Southern States, will soon be in the Republican column.
        	Will you kindly give the Tribune your views on this matter?
                                                        	Yours very truly,
                                                                    	James Martin,
                                                                                	News Editor
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                <text>1901-01-26</text>
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              <text>Carlos Serrano</text>
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              <text>An election in Harrisonburg, VA results in the election of a Democratic mayor and Republican treasurer; it is the first election to occur under a new election law that aims to disenfranchise black voters.</text>
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              <text>The recent election at Harrisonburg, VA resulted in the election of a Democrat, Mr. Switzer, Mayor, and a republican, Mr. D.D. Lewis, treasurer.
The contest was conducted under the provisions of the new law, which was enacted with a View to further disenfranchise the colored people in the black counties.
In a letter to the Richmond, VA  Daily Times, Treasurer Lewis,  under date of July 28th,  says: 
“The law itself affords every opportunity for the grossest frauds. Our special Constable is an exceptionally honest man, and did his duty according to the law, as he construed it, But by his wrong Construction, about 50 illiterates were disenfranchised. As I said before, owning to the honesty of the Constable little or no money was used, which was a great improvement over some of our former elections, but with the 1 Constable provision and with a dishonest constable, the use of money can be made a hundred times more dangerous than ever before, for the party who has the Constable can buy all the Floaters, for they cannot be divided and thus made less dangerous.”
He adds:
“ I do not speak from the standpoint of a disappointed office Seeker, having been elected by a majority of 137 in a total vote of 573, and my vote being largely in excess of any other canidate.” 
The situation is concisely stated.
When the bosses choose to give a fair return they do so, and when the situation is regarded as desperate they changed accordingly and a majority their way can be rented.
The idea is to work the law firly, in white counties, and unfairly in black ones. Truly the ways of some of these Democratic politicians are at times past finding out.</text>
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                <text>The New Election Law</text>
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              <text>The Planet quotes the 14th and 15th amendments explaining just how unconstitutional the “Constitutional” Convention of Virginia actually is.</text>
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              <text>The Constitutional Convention of Virginia seems now to be a veritable white elephant on the hands of the people of Virginia. Most of the work is being done by committees and none seems to be attracting as much attention as the one to which has been assigned the duty of restricting the elective franchise. All kinds of reports are being circulated as to what the committee will do. The latest is that a poll-tax qualification of $1.50 will be required. This was tried once before and soon became one of the most unpopular measures ever placed upon the statute books. We cannot fully understand Senator John W. Daniel. He is chairman of that committee. He is sworn to support the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Article XIV is as follows: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state in which the reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Could language be plainer? It is mandatory and there can be no escape from its plainly expressed provisions. Article XV reads: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by previous condition of servitude.” This too is equally sweeping and yet the Richmond Dispatch of Sunday July 28th, the reporter stated: […illegible….] For the suffrage problem is the problem of all. It is not the wish of the advocates of a real estate qualification that there be any educational requirement. This latter is regarded as a makeshift so far as it would be effective in eliminating the Negro vote. The Negroes are rapidly learning to read and write. It is not improbable that the class of colored illiterates is decreasing more rapidly than is the class of white illiterates. The Negro is also acquiring real estate more rapidly than is generally supposed. That is, the number of Negroes owning realty is steadily increasing.” He continues: “But it is a fact that there are few Negroes who own land to the value of $300. At least that is the view of the advocates of the real estate qualification. While there are Negroes who own small pieces of land, there are said to be few who own pieces worth as much as $300. The advocates of the real estate qualification are most earnest. The fact that they are so much in earnest, and the further fact that they number nearly one-third of the committee. Which is a much greater than is claimed by the advocates of any other plan, gives hope to its advocates.” He says further: “The Suffrage Committee will meet again Tuesday morning. It may report in two weeks. It has the most difficult work of any of the committees. Every plan of suffrage proposed maybe be objected to on the ground that it will cut some of the white men of the State out of the right to vote. It is the belief of the advocates of the real estate qualification that is will deprive fewer whites of the right of suffrage than any other proposed as a method of eliminating the mass of the Negro vote.” One of the members was desperate indeed, for he is quoted as follows: “One of the most prominent members of the convention said yesterday that he was considering the propriety of offering a resolution which should provide that none of the tests provided in the suffrage clause should apply to the full-blooded Negro. He will probably offer the resolution. This is regarded as significant, as indicative of the fact that the whites of the State are not opposed to the Negro exercising the right of suffrage simply because he is a Negro. ‘The old issues’ Negroes are not giving any trouble, and have not given any.” The plan to disfranchise white men’s Negro offspring would indeed raise a howl from one section of the state to the other. The body should engraft a provision making it a felony for a white man to carnally know a colored woman and vice-versa, fixing their punishment at confinement in the penitentiary from one to five years. Some of our females are so white now that they charge us with bad manners because we hesitate to speak to them on the streets. If the constitutional convention will take hold of this end of the question, it will be the cause of much satisfaction on the part of the advocates of the rights of the full-blooded Negro. This then is an insight into the situation. How can Christian legislators or atheistic ones with honorable intentions disregard the amendments, which they as citizens are bound to support? This is the question of questions and will be a source of embarrassment in Alabama as much so in Virginia.</text>
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                <text>1901-08-03</text>
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                <text>The Negro As A Hobby </text>
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              <text>Nine of the thirteen states which had elections voted overwhelmingly Republican. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18951116.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Of the thirteen states in which elections took place Tuesday Nov. 5th, nine of them went overwhelmingly Republican.
	Utah elected a territorial convention which will sent two Republican United States Senators to Washington and give that party full control of that august tribunal.
	The most surprising results were achieved in New Jersey, Maryland, and Kentucky.
	That the last named state should break from her Democratic mooring is the surprise of the century. It also is the surprise of the century. It also is the surprise of the century. It also strengthens the claim of Judge Denney the Republican who ran against Mr. Owens, Democrat in Mr. Breckenridge congressional district but has counted out. 
	It is confidently predicted too that a Republican United States Senator from Kentucky will be one o the anomalies of the ape.
	This land-slide gives unmistakable evidence of what may be expected next year. 
	The nominee of the National Republican Convention will be the next President of the United States.
	And it is best that it should be so. The Democratic Party has shown its incapacity to govern and the more conservative members of the organization realize that fact.
	New York has set the pace for the nation and called upon all to follow. Prosperity is what is wanted and the country has expressed itself very emphatically upon that subject.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-11-16</text>
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                <text>The Elections</text>
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