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              <text>Emma Alvarez</text>
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              <text>The Republican Convention at Lynchburg votes in favor of having separate meetings and delegates for blacks, but it does not seem to give them any more say in the government. 
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              <text>Colored people will read with surprise the report of the meeting of the alleged Republican Convention at Lynchburg last Wednesday, where colored delegates were howled down and ousted and every appearance of a colored man as a speaker excited derision. It can be readily understood by the recollection of the fable of the jack-ass clothed in the lion’s skin. The men composing this convention are Negro-hating Democrats in disguise, many of whom have become disgruntled with the Democratic management and now find it more convenient to get even with their former opponents through this medium than by organizing independent Democratic organizations outside of their own parties. To indicate the spirit permeating these newly made Republicans, who do not seem to be acquainted with even one of the fundamental principles of the Republican platform, it is only necessary to quote from the admirable report of Mr. Walter Edward Harris, a gentlemen of high standing and unimpeachable integrity. Here is what he says: “Some of the speeches made in opposition to allowing the Negroes to be seated would have aroused applause in a Virginia Democratic convention in the days of Reconstruction. But the convention adopted without dissent the report of the committee seating the contesting Negro delegation from Lynchburg. This action was undoubtedly due to the fact that the city chairman in the call for a convention directed that separate conventions be held. Naturally, the whites in their convention chose white delegates, and just as naturally the Negroes chose Negroes. Under these conditions here was nothing to be done by the State convention but seat both delegations. “The platform adopted tonight is very brief. It simply endorses the administration of Roosevelt and instructs the big four to Chicago to vote for Secretary Taft for the Presidential nomination. Just the ideas of holding two meetings, one for white men and another for colored men and calling them Republican meetings. The absurdity of such a plan must be apparent to everybody. But here is another exhibition of feeling against the colored voter as manifested in Republican Convention. Mr. Harris says: “Just after the committees were announced a Negro contesting delegate from the First District arose and addressed the chair. Chairman Noel saw over the darky’s head or some time, but finally recognized him. The Negro was proceeding to say that he understood there was no race prejudice in this convention. ‘I do hope,’ he was saying, when there was a storm of jeers, cat calls, “Sit down!’ was the business-like exhortation of a husky delegate from the Second District, seated pretty close to where the Negro was standing demanding recognition. “Delegate Carico from the Fifth District addressed the chair. “Does the gentleman arise to a point of order,” suggested the chair. “I do,” said Mr. Carico, and calmly proceeded to make a motion concerning the places of meeting for the committees just appointed, something about as far removed from a point of order as could be imagined. The Negro remained standing. A motion to adjourn till 7 o'clock was made and put and carries, and the Negro was not heard from further. Now this is the Republican Convention, so-called operated by white gentlemen, holding federal offices under President Roosevelt and pledges to the support of Hon. William H. Taft, Secretary of War. They consider that they have “elbow room” to do what they please, inasmuch as President Roosevelt has set the example by “kicking” innocent colored men out of the army and barring them from re-enlistment. This is the logical result of such a course. We have cited the fact so he, who runs may read. For our part, we are perfectly willing to remain at home on election day or to support some other party or candidates, before we will suffer the humiliation herein portrayed. This will be disheartening news to many, but we suggest that colored folks carry their troubles to Jesus, work hard, save money and vote when they feel like it. Between bourbon Democracy in a Republican convention and bourbon Democracy in a Democratic convention, we will take the genuine article for ours or go fishing on election day. Colored men should lay low and move in that direction that will inflict the greatest degree of punishment upon false-hearted friends.</text>
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                <text>1908-04-11</text>
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                <text>Republicanism in Virgnia</text>
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              <text>African American voting rights are challenged by the Lily-White Movement, but The Planet believes the black community must “do it death” and stick to their convictions. </text>
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              <text>The Republican Mass-Meeting for the election of delegates to the States and District Conventions of the Republican Party held at Belvidere Hall in this city last Saturday night was particularly significant and for brazen effrontery in openly telling colored voters of this city that they were not wanted, save to ratify any action that the white men of the party had mapped out will stand forth as one of the most remarkable happenings in the city of Richmond. The claim has been made by conservative Democrats and Republicans that the idea was not to get rid of the Negro as a voter, but only to eliminate the ignorant masses and to entrust the ballot to the intelligent property-owing elements of both races. Those colored folks who believed in all this had a rude awakening last Saturday night. Colored men who owned enough property to double and treble that owned by a dozen white men there claiming to be Republicans were ignominiously denied the right of voice and in the general summing up, no attention was even given to their votes. Senator Noel was invited to speak and Democratic white men were counted as Republicans, so we are informed in the general make-up. We cannot understand how a Republican of the Judge L.L. Lewis type could lend either his presence or his voice to such an arrangement. Mr. W.P. Burrell, Grand Worthy Secretary of the True Reformers was insuited and told to sit down under threat of being put out by the police. He represented men like Dr. R. E. Jones, Dr. P.B. Ramsey, Rev. Dr. J. E. Jones, James Hayes, Dr. J. Meade Benson. These are men of standing and respectability. Rev W.L. Taylor is worth approximately fifty thousand dollars or thereabouts, but there is not a bar-room loafer that was treated with more scant courtesy than was he and his associates. They were regarded as interlopers in this new regime. It may be that President Roosevelt and Secretary Taft do not know of the treatment to which the respectable, property-holding Negroes of this State are being treated by their followers. Some effort should be made to acquaint them with the facts and the Republican National Committee should also be advised of the situation. We are surprised that a protest was not made and drafted Saturday night. The only proper way to meet organization is with counter organization. We do not propose to be humiliated by any such processes and if the colored men of Richmond have lost all of their manhood, they should let the country know it. The plan now is to make the colored people the “hewers of wood and the drawers of water” and the white Republicans are to be slated to hold all of the offices worthy of the name. We have long ago learned that there is the Democrat, the Negro-hating Democrat, and the Republican and the Negro-hating Republican. Colored men can support either a Democrat or a Republican according to their respective convictions, but it seems to us that it is time for us to oppose both the Negro-hating Democrat and the Negro-hating Republican, for if there is any difference in creed of these hybrid monstrosities up to this writing, we have failed to discern it. “Lily-Whitism” has run mad in this district and it is time for the better class of Negroes to organize and “do it to death,” or be buried in the grace of oblivion that now awaits our internment. “Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.” -Milton</text>
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                <text>Mar5- Lily Whites</text>
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                <text>1908-03-14</text>
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                <text>The 'Lily Whites' in Virgnia</text>
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              <text>Emma Roberts</text>
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              <text>WM. Lloyd Garrison demands equal suffrage and that the constitution should be upheld in a meeting for “colored leaders” in the country.
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              <text>Great Mass Meeting in Washington, D. C.
The Beginning of a Great Movement of Agitation is at Hand.
Suffrage conditions in the south-- WM. Lloyd Garrison Principal speaker- the race, through its leading men, demands that constitution be enforced.
One of the largest and most representative audiences that ever assembled at the Nation’s Capital gathered at the Metropolitan A. M. E. Church on Friday night of last week to consider suffrage conditions in the South.
The meeting was under the auspices of the one hundred leading colored citizens of the United States with the Sons of Allen and in cooperation with the Constitution League.
In opening the meeting the presiding officer, Prof William H. Richards, scholar and orator, said “We have met together to remind the members of Congress of the oath they subscribed to, and to urge that the amendments of the Constitution he enforced if such enforcement required all the fun's in our army and navy.” This introduction elicited prolonged applause….
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                <text>1906-03-10</text>
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              <text>A meeting was held in New York to discuss suffrage, and the goal was to achieve "righteous liberty of political action without distinction or color.</text>
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              <text>Awakening of the North 
Remarkable Speech of Hon. John E. Milholland. A Ringing Condemnation of Existing Conditions. Rev. Dixon and His “Clansman.” The Constitution League and its Mission. No Compromise With Wrong. 
New York, N.Y., Feb 5, 1906
The Constitution League held a mass meeting at Cooper Union Hall, New York City last Thursday evening with an attendance of 3,000 of which one fourth was white. The object of the meeting was to discuss the Suffrage Conditions in the South. Resolutions were passed demanding that Congress take steps toward constitutional representation and the restoration in all the states of chose conditions which shall insure a righteous liberty of political action without distinction or color or of race to the attainment of the highest individual aspiration and endeavor. Mr. John E. Milholland, presiding officer of the meeting, in his speech, said in part: 
Ladies and Gentlemen: 
	A dashing brigand away off in Morocco decided one day that he needed a rich man in his business. So he kidnapped a certain gentleman of wealth and influence in the neighborhood, bore him off to the deserts and calmly declared that unless the terms of ransom were complied with promptly, he would return the unfortunate man’s body on the installment plan. (Laughter)
	With this announcement came other startling news. Though Greek by name and ancestry, the stolen one, it appeared, had been born right; he was a native of Philadelphia. True, he has left his birthplace  a mere [...] and always lived abroad, but he was still an American citizen. 
Far Cry for Release
Instantly went up a far cry for his release. It was quickly heard in Washington almost before articulate expression could be given elsewhere. The government machinery for relief was set in motion, Our navy baume busy and the chancelleries of Europe grew nervous. A big warship was dispatched to the scene, and the civilized and uncivilized world was made to understand that this IMperial Republic would endeavor to curb Mr. Raisuli man stealing activities through the search for him and his prey had to be carried into the heart of Darkest Africa. “We demand Perdicaris living or Raisuli dead,” was the grim alternative of out State Department, over which the late Republican National Convention in Chicago went wild with enthusiasm...</text>
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                <text>1906-02-17</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5000">
                <text>Awakening of the North</text>
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  </item>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1977">
              <text>Megan Brooks</text>
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          <name>Summary</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1980">
              <text>White men continue to disenfranchise black men while the white newspaper defends the “law abiding” white opinion. </text>
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              <text>No</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1985">
              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19040102&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1988">
              <text>The Petersburg. Va., Index-Appeal discussed “The Suffrage Problem” in its issue of December 29th and said:
 
“Since the fateful era of reconstruction of the Union by the restoration of the seceded States, the South has had many difficult and trying questions to deal with, but none that was more perplexing than the suffrage question, the crux of which was to solve it in such a way as to eliminate the illiterate and visions element of the “Negro” vote without violating the Constitution”
 
It continued:
 
“The tank was rendered all the more difficult because  there was  an utter lack of cooperation with the whites on the part of educated and respectable “Negroes”, who persisted in making common cause with ignorance and vice, thus obstructing  the work of suffrage reform on one hand and the mental and moral improvement of the “Negro” race on the other.”
 
What else were they to do? What else would you have done? They could not separate the issue without endangering the cause for which they contended. They stood ready to support the intelligent, law abiding white men against the ignorant and the vicious applied to black and white men, but the white men of Virginia would not have it so. White men defended ignorance and vice existing in white men and attacked not only ignorance and vice among “colored” men, but education and virtuous among the same class of people.
 
The intelligent, industrious, self-respecting colored people of this state have always stood ready to support any legitimate purification of the ballot, so long as that purification was not based upon race, color, politics or religion.
 
It then stated the conditions as they now exist, showing that the South asked to be let alone  and even this favor has not tended to simplify the situation. It said:
 
“Since the birth of those preposterous notions, a generation has passed away, and time has softened much of the rancor and resentment that issued from the war between the States, and the North now sees the situation with a clearer and a more correct apprehension of the difficulties which encompass the race question in the South, particularly with respect to suffrage and citizenship, and there is an apparent willingness to let men who stand nearest to the burdens to do the lifting. Undoubtedly that simplifies matters, but it does not solve the problem fully and satisfactorily.”
 
Then followed this strong, empathetic but true language:
 
‘Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, North Carolina, and, in fact, all the Southern States have passed suffrage laws directed against “Negro” suffrage, but in nearly every instance the laws have acted as boomerangs, and resulted in disenfranchising almost as many whites as Negroes. That has been almost universally true of the invention of paying taxes for any considerable time in advance as a qualification to vote. In Virginia, where the plan has just been adopted, we have ,most impressive evidence of its effect in a greatly reduced white electorate, and we now find ourselves very much in the fix of the people of New York, who imported English sparrows to destroy caterpillars, and who later were anxiously looking for some larger breed of caterpillars to destroy the English sparrows. The threat of disenfranchisement does not seem to have terrors enough to compel the white voter to part from his 1$ or $1.50 as the case may be. Indeed, many white citizens otherwise eligible to vote, eagerly embrace this convenient avenue of escape and soliciting candidates. The plan restricts suffrage, beyond the doubt, and also restricts the white electorate pari passu with suffrage”</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1989">
              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1978">
                <text>Failure of Southern Election Methods </text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1984">
                <text>Failure of Southern Election Methods </text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1964">
              <text>Megan Brooks</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1967">
              <text>Maryland disenfranchises 30,000 “Negroes” through literacy tests.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1969">
              <text>No</text>
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          <name>URL</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1972">
              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19040102&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1973">
              <text>Voting</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1974">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1975">
              <text>New Disfranchisement bill ready for Maryland
 
Baltimore, Dec 23.- Attorney General Brian has drawn up a bill for submission to the legislature which will disenfranchise some 30,000 “negro” voters in this state. This action is in line with the issue raised by Senator Gorman and the Democratic managers in the recent state campaign. At the legislature will be overwhelmingly Democratic, the bill, which is for a constitutional amendment, will be passed.
 
It provides that before any person shall be entitled to vote he shall be entitled to vote he shall be able to read and to write at dictation any  section of the constitution of Maryland, or shall have paid for the two preceding years state and county  or city taxes, unless he was entitled to vote in one of the states of the union on january 1, 1867, or at some date prior thereto, or unless he is legitimate, lineal descendant of some person who was entitled to vote at the time. No property or educational qualification shall be required of persons entitled to vote prior to 1867.
 
The bill is based on the “grandfather” “clause” in North Carolina Election law.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="1976">
              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1965">
                <text>Cut out 30,000 “Negroes”</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1966">
                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1970">
                <text>1904-01-02</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1971">
                <text>Cut out 30,000 “Negroes”</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="1456" public="1" featured="1">
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        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Student Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="17694">
              <text>Rose Williams</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="53">
          <name>Summary</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="17697">
              <text>White mobs “drove away” black men attempting to “pay the poll taxes” in order to vote by threatening them with shotguns at the entrance of “the county treasury”. </text>
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          <name>Image</name>
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              <text>No</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="28">
          <name>URL</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="17702">
              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031212.1.4&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="17705">
              <text>Trouble at Berkley.
The Democrats of Berkley or rather certain lawless elements of that party went to the office of the county treasurer and drove away the colored men who were there to pay the poll taxes as a prerequisite to voting. These lawless elements were armed with shotguns and threatened to use them. The County Treasurer was forced to seek an asylum in the station house. The reasons given were that this white treasurer received the poll-tax from colored men while difficulties were thrown in the way of white men. 
No arrests have been made as a result of his high-handed proceeding. It is rather surprising that the colored people in that section submitted to it. They are as a rule property owners, thrifty and responsible and some of our best friends are to be found in that locality. 
These white men, who are outlawing themselves will yet meet a condition of affairs, which will astound them. Colored men will not forever submit to this flagrant curtailment of their rights. The masses are disenfranchised and the better elements of us are now driven from the county treasurer’s office with shotguns, although we are there on a peaceful mission, complying with the specific provisions of a law as enacted by an all white Virginia legislature. </text>
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              <text>Lower Left Quadrant</text>
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          <element elementId="43">
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                <text>December Summaries</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="17696">
                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1903-12-12</text>
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                <text>Trouble at Berkley</text>
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        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Student Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="19332">
              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="19335">
              <text>Henrico is accused of being “the worst [county] so far as political recognition of the [black] brother is concerned”; the county spreads the notion that black people are “so corrupt and so addicted to selling their votes” and should therefore be “robbed” of their “political right".</text>
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              <text>No</text>
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          <name>URL</name>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031128.1.4&amp;e=-------en-20-RP-1--txt-txIN-Richmond+planet------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="19343">
              <text>More Trouble in Henrico. 
Of all the counties in the State, Henrico is one of the worst so far as political recognition of the colored brother is concerned. It has steadily robbed him of every political right and denied him considerations that the most no-count white citizen would be accorded. 
It has been charged in the daily papers here that the Negroes were so corrupt and so addicted to selling their votes that it was absolutely necessary that they be excluded from the rights and privileges at the ballot box in order that the white folks might have pure elections. 
We believed and knew that this was the politician’s expedient to ride into power. 
The intention was to promise something which was out of the realm of possibility, for when it comes to stealing, cheating, or any other kind of devilment, the white men, or at least some of them are experts; while the unprincipled Negroes are but clumsy pupils. 
Well, the unconstitutional “Constitutional” convention disfranchised the colored citizen and it was proclaimed that the era of good feeling had arrived and that honest elections were here to stay...</text>
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                <text>November Summaries</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19334">
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              <elementText elementTextId="19338">
                <text>1903-11-28</text>
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                <text>More Trouble in Henrico.</text>
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          <name>Student Name</name>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>John Mitchell voices his disagreements to the “unconstitutional ‘Constitutional’ Convention”. </text>
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              <text>No</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031107.1.4&amp;e=-------en-20-RP-1--txt-txIN-Richmond+planet------</text>
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              <text>Prof. Mitchell and the Negro. 
It seems strange that the Negro should as yet be the subject for discussion in this state despite the fact that he has been practically disfranchised, and as the political orators glowingly describe it, all danger of his supremacy has been eliminated by the unconstitutional “Constitutional” Convention. 
While we deprecate the discussion of him as tending to emphasize conditions from which we would hope to escape, still, the remarkable utterances of Prof. S.C. Mitchell before the Baptist Ministers Conference, Monday morning, November 2, 1903 upon the subject, “Proposed Solutions of the Negro Problem,” proves conclusively that all southern white men have not “bowed the knee” to the Baal of race prejudice. 
This learned scholar has the courage of his convictions, and spoke with a fervor and boldness, born of knowledge, and nourished by the spirit of true religion. After stating the three periods into which Hegel divides the history of the world he remarked:…</text>
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              <text>Lower Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>November Summaries </text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1903-11-07</text>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>The Democratic Party of Virginia” holds an “unconstitutional ‘Constitutional’ Convention” to discuss how blacks are the “‘hindering cause’ in the way of a pure election”.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19031031.1.4&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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              <text>Eating Their Own Cookings. 
The Democratic party of Virginia made the Negro an issue and spent over a half million dollars of the state’s funds for the purpose of holding an unconstitutional “Constitutional” Convention for the special benefit of the colored brother, alleging that he was the “hindering cause” in the way of a pure election. It alleged that if he were “wiped out” as a voting factor, “peace would reign in Warsaw” and dishonesty in elections be a thing of the past. 
We repeatedly asserted that this was a vain hope. The ballot box suffer and tally sheet manipulator must have something to do and with the Negro out of the way, they would at once begin work on the “brother in white.” When there are no white men’s chickens to raise from the roost, the colored brother must of necessity pay his respects to the colored brother’s barn-yard in the neighborhood. 
This is the amusing phase of the situation. Even the dishonest colored man now realizes that he is not able to “hold a light” for the white thieves now infesting this neighborhood and he knows too that the colored race as such is unquestionably one of the most honest types of mankind on the face of the globe. 
Are elections honest now? Do white men rob white men? Here is a report of political meetings held Thursday, October 23rd, 1903 in Henrico county. It speaks for itself:
“The speaking itself was of a pretty lively sort. On the Todd side, a hot fire was poured at the State Committee and at the newspapers of the city. The Chairman Ruffin made a claim, clear argument for his contention that the State Committee had no jurisdiction, and that the state did right in finding Bauer guilty. Mr. St. George Coalter followed in a speech in which he brought some sensational charges against the Brauer side and in which he incidentally belabored the papers. Mr. Todd himself followed and what he said about the State committee was pretty lively and brisk to say the least. He practically charged that the committee had been bought up with whiskey. He said he had been ‘gold-bricked’ and ‘sand bagged’ by the honorable gentlemen of the committee.”…</text>
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                <text>October Summaries</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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