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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>Votes for a primary election in Henrico County, Virginia, are publicly being sold without challenges to the lawfulness of the act. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950406.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>It has been alleged that the colored vote was purchaseable, and that principle formed no part in the transaction so far as latter-day politics its concerned. 
	We have repeatedly maintained that the corrupt practices which have obtained among the degraded portion of our population was due to the white men. 
	A writer in the Richmond, Va. Daily Times of March 30th says:
	“Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the primary election in Henrico county Thursday was the open and unstinted use of money by friends of the different candidates. 
	The purchase of votes to place at most of the precincts, or at least it was clearly understood among the bystanders that that such was the case, but at Hungary precinct was the most startling instance. At this precinct votes were purchased with the most utter and open disregard of appearances. Voters were plied with offers from friends of opposing candidates, and, when finally won by the largest offer of ready cash, were marched to the polls, their tickets handed them, and their votes cast without even an examination of their ballots. One block of four was publicly proclaimed to have been bought for $42, and this without one word of denial from the voters themselves, who were in easy hearing of all comments upon the purchase. 
	One man, who, it was publicly announced, had been holding his vote at $25 rapidly approached the precinct and when asked by a dozen inquirers in loud tones how much he was to get for his vote, replied with a laugh, it was none of their business. He was seized upon by a canvasser, marched straight to the poll window, his ticket was handed him, and, without looking at it, he passed it to the judge. As soon as the ballot was received, he turned on his heel and quickly retraced his steps down the road, replying  to a number of loud inquiries as to the price he received that they needn’t bother about him, he knew his business. 
	Bystanders and officers of election alike expressed their disgust and condemnation of this shockingly demoralized state of affairs, and it was openly proposed to employ an auctioneer to sell a number of tardy voters to the highest bidder.”
	What have the Negro-haters to say of this?
	Is not “Blocks of Five” Dudley outdone. Continued wrong-doing must react upon the people practicing it. This is the Democratic primary, in which no colored man is allowed to vote. 
	The demoralizing condition of affairs is but the logical outcome of the defrauding of colored men. 
	Crime will operate upon the white man, when it finds there are no Negroes upon whim to practice. 
	But another writer corroborates the demoralizing condition of affairs. He says:
	“The statement in your issue of March 30th as to the open bribery practiced at Hungary precinct during the recent primary but supplements and confirms reports of such bribery and buying votes at Shoemaker’s precinct. The writer of this heard it in the air and talked about as a matter of fact all around the polls when he was there to cast his vote. One instance was cited by a reliable gentleman, who had denounced a shameless hawker of his vote, when he was trying to get an advanced on the four and half dollars already offered for it. 
	To say nothing of the morality of honesty of such doings, I want to ask as a party man, how far nominations thus brought may command our support at the polls? It is a question with some whether such corruption does not vitiate the primary and absolve the honest voter from support of its nominees, especially in cases where other and good candidates for election may offer. This is a practical question with a voter who has always voted the straight Democratic ticket, but is disposed to denounce a requirement to vote for a dishonest or incompetent candidate.”
	The solution of this question is the return to the bed-rock principles of a pure government and accord to all men equal rights before the law. There cannot be any caste in a free country which endangers the foundation of the republic itself.</text>
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              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18950406-Buying Voters-Fox</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-04-06</text>
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                <text>Buying Voters</text>
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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>An Appellate Court Judge declares the registration and dispensary laws unconstitutional, making it harder to disenfranchise black people. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950518.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>The action of Judge Goff of the United States Appellate Court, who in company with Judge Simonton declared the registration and dispensary laws unconstitutional is in keeping with right, and the dictates of conscience. We have never doubted but what a United States Court would so declare with reference to the dispensary laws if the questions could be gotten before it. 
	Interstate travellers and freight have some rights which the legislature of South Carolina is bound to respect. As to the decision of the court with reference to the registration laws, which essayed to absolutely disfranchise the American citizen of African decent and set up a government of the minority controlled by a ring, there has never been a question. 
	It was known to be repugnant to the constitution of the United States and its strongest supporters contented themselves with the declaration that the court had no jurisdiction, and if it had and the law was unconstitutional the state could not be enjoined or restrained from acting as it saw fit.
	However, Gov. Evans, who declared that he would disregard the instructions of the court has not as yet taken any steps so to do. 
	Andrew Jackson had at one time to send notice to South Carolina that he would place national troops upon her soil and no one who knows Grover Cleveland or Attorney General Olney will doubt but what he would do to day as Andrew Jackson did more than forty years ago. A singular fact in the connection with this case may be noted when it is remembered that the better class of Democrats who had in years passed opposed the disfranchisement of the Negro were forward in demanding that he has his rights. The blighting effects of Tillmanism wrought this change, and smiles play upon the countenances of those who were most apprehensive. God brings all things right in his own time.</text>
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                <text>18950518-Judge Goff's Decision-Fox</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-05-18</text>
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                <text>Judge Goff's Decision</text>
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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>A justice for Virginia lets a white Democratic constable off with no charges after the constable was accused of deceiving illiterate voters. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950608.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Meyer Angle, a white Democratic special constable was before Justice Vincent, Friday, May 31st. He was charged with having violated his sworn obligations by having deceived illiterate voters by marking their ballots, so that they could be made to vote for the Democratic nominees. He was caught in the act by Mr. Donley. 
	In the face of these facts Justice Vincent discharged him saying that he was possessed of much information upon the subject now before him, and as there had been some criticism as to his sending cases on to the grand jury, he thought it best not to certify the case. Was there ever a more flagrant abuse of official power and disregard of sworn obligations? So Justice Vincent is to be swayed by outside criticism. He will fail to do his duty, if the public should not be pleased with his actions.
	Meyer Angle was guilty so far as the evidence adduced was concerned. Citizens testified that he was worse than a thief. He had robbed them of the greatest boon of a freeman and should have been sent to the penitentiary instead of being turned loose upon the community. And yet this country Justice [God pity the designation] comes out boldly and declares that he will not do duty he stands sworn to perform. 
	Never during our entire journalistic career have we witnessed a more abject acknowledgement of one’s unfitness, a demonstration of a lack of moral courage so necessary to make a good official. We regard this decision as dating the beginning of the “passing of Squire Vincent” in the same minds of all right thinking people.</text>
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                <text>18950608-Justice Vincent's Position</text>
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                <text>1895-06-08</text>
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              <text>Judge Goff of the Circuit Court of the United State has reversed a recent ruling stating that South Carolina registration officers could act under illegal election laws. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950622.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Judge Goff of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of South Carolina has been reversed in his ruling granting an injunction restraining the registration officers of the State of South Carolina from acting under an illegal election law. This action was taken on an appeal from his decision brought in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Chief Justice Fuller, Judge Hughes and Judge Seymour presiding. After reading the opinion, we see plainly that the merits of the case are not discussed so far as the constitutionality of the law is concerned. Not one of the judges have dared to pass upon the main point at issue; namely, that the law is unconstitutional, and consequently in its enforcement a hardship would be practiced upon the citizens and inherent rights taken away. We have read with care the brief of Chief Justice Fuller and the remarkable production of Judge Hughes, who appears to be now in his dotage. Both of these documents are mere juggleries with existing conditions, an evasion of facts known to exist and an attempt to skim over a violation of the constitution of the United States by men in high judicial places who should have known that the object of all law is to ascertain the right of a question and mete justice. But the following extract is significant and illustrates the point we wished to dwell upon:
	“By section 5, appeals or writs of error may be taken to the Supreme Court in any case in which the Constitution of law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States, but although the constitutionality of a State law may be drawn in question in the Circuit Court, yet if the case may be disposed of on other grounds, not involving the validity of such a law we think this court has jurisdiction on appeal.”
	This involved the question of jurisdiction. The attorneys of the state of South Carolina should have been made to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the constitutional questions should have been passed upon. This action of this Appellate Court is the most radical enunciation of state’s rights we have yet seen. Another case should at once be made upon and the matter taken to the Supreme Court of the United States where the questions at issue can be properly passed upon. All talk about there being no question of federal election involved is the “merest moon-shine” and yet Judge Hughes assigns this as one of reasons for reversing Judge Goff. South Carolina has no more right to take from a citizen his constitutional privileges in a state election than it has in a national one, and he has as good a basis for an appeal to a federal judge as he would have under any other circumstances. Judge Hughes action in writing a personal opinion criticizing the action of a fellow judge is the most flagrant violation of all official rules of judicial etiquette we have as yet seen. If the court had desired him to formulate its opinion it would have so signified. As for the Republicanism, it would not stand an hour’s washing, so spurious has it become. We had hoped that he would not allow his apparent anxiety for public approval to get the better of his judgment, to end that he would rush in print in advance of the written opinion of the court itself. 
	His surprising ebullitions in publishing articles on the silver question were in bad taste to say the least. One in reading them became convinced that he was just like the senators, who delivered lengthy speeches upon the same subject – the more you read of them the more apparent it became that they knew no more about the silver question than the reader. If Judge Hughes would change the sign on the front of his establishment, so that it would read “Democrat” instead of “Republican”, the public would be less ill at ease and the surprise occasioned by his actions would be lessened by his injudicious utterances, emanating from the point of a pen.</text>
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                <text>1895-06-22</text>
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                <text>Judge Goff Reversed </text>
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          <name>Student Name</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="17330">
              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="17333">
              <text>The Planet refutes an argument printed in the Washington Post on the disenfranchisement of African American voters.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950713.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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              <text>The Richmond, Va. Daily Times, in its issue of the 7th inst., under the caption of “Good Advice to Negroes but Virginia is Democratic” discussed the letter of Mr. Edward S. Tafft, an alleged Republican.
	The document in question appeared in a recent issue of the Washington Post, and the writer justifies the disfranchisement of the American citizen of African descent in South Carolina. 
	Such statements should of itself dispose of both Mr. Tafft and his argument, but he mixes truth with error in such an ingenious way that we presume it would not be out of place for the Negro to state his estimate of his conclusions.
	He charges that while the colored people vote for white men, they select the worst members of the opposite race as their leaders, and elevate to power a class of politicians who are unscrupulous and in search of plunder. 
	This is his charge. Let us analyze it. 
	No man or body of men either as leaders or private citizens would overturn the foundation of the government itself, ignore great principles and consign to serfdom a class of people that both God and man have pronounced free and equal.
	The colored man has followed men whom the Democratic Party declared to be the best in the Southland, and what has been the result? Look at the Southern States and you have your answer. 
	They followed Gen. Wm. Mahone, the hero of the Crater in Virginia.
	They voted for Gen. Fitz Lee, the favored “nephew of his uncle.” General Robert E. Lee.
	They followed B. R. Tillman, in South Carolina, and are now standing by Gen Wade Hampton and allies in the same state. They followed Kolb on the one hand in Georgia and Atkinson on the other. They stood by Chalmers in Mississippi; Forrest in Louisiana, and Hogg in Texas, and yet this hypocritical Republican dares to charge the Negro with having espoused the cause of the unscrupulous demagogues of the South. 
	The truth is that as soon as a Democrat ceases to act with the machine-wing of his party he is put down as a demagogue, and a trickster. 
	Talk about good government, under the Democratic Party! Where is it? From the national government down to those of the states, what has been the record. 
	The state treasury of Virginia was looted. A Democratic official long since dead, stole more than two hundred thousand dollars. How much more will never be known? It seems that the examiners got tired counting.
	Gen Mahone discovered fraud after fraud in the management of the state’s finances. 
	More money has been stolen, misappropriated and otherwise made away than was expended during the entire time of management of the “carpet-baggers” in South Carolina.
	Tillman’s exposures of the condition of affairs in South Carolina prior to his accession to office is astounding.
	Kolb’s declarations concerning Georgia is an object lesson while the Southern states present a condition of degeneracy and corruption that could not have been out-done during the palmist days of Rome’s decay. 
	And this is the showing presented by the government of the white man. 
	They yell about Negro supremacy and the effort of the colored man to secure social equality, and yet these same howling hypocrites live upon a plane of absolute equality with Negro women whose houses they furnish and whose illegitimate children they educate. 
	This alleged Republican tells the Negro that there is but one hope, and he encouches it in the following language:

	There is but one hope for the Negro, and that hope is dependent upon his publishing to the world a declaration of absolute political independence.
	He must free himself from those whose only purpose is to use him to further ends of greed and avarice. HE must gain a large measure of self-respect and be content to move in a social sphere which does not encroach upon that established by the white man, and he must be satisfied, if he would live in the South, to pursue the even tenor of his way without cherishing political ambition.

	We presume he intends to state that the violation of any one of the promises he lays down dissipates the hope dependent upon the exercise of all of them. Well, so be it. 
We have already shown that we are politically independent. Our self-respect is too well-known to admit of a question, and our failure to encroach upon the private social relationship of the white man or the black one either is recognized by all who choose to observe our past and present demeanor. We do cherish political ambition and shall continue so to do in common with every other citizen. It is a right accorded us by the constitution which we have no desire or intention to relinquish or cast aside. 
[The article continues for several more paragraphs]</text>
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              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18950713-Our Position on Great Questions-Fox</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-07-13</text>
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                <text>Our Position on Great Questions</text>
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          <name>Student Name</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="17421">
              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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        <element elementId="53">
          <name>Summary</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="17424">
              <text>A white special constable was caught defrauding a colored man out of his ballot, but the case was never sent to the grand jury.</text>
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              <text>No</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950727.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="17431">
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            <elementText elementTextId="17432">
              <text>Mr. J. W. Donley, white caught a white special constable in the act of defrauding a colored man out of his ballot. This evidence was conclusive, yet Justice Vincent we are informed declined to even send the case on to the grand jury. 
	Myer Angle was the white man who thus perjured himself. To any fair-minded man, this was plainly evident.
	But there was a vacancy among the constables of Henrico County, and many were the applications among which quite fittingly was that of the murderer of Col. H. C. Parsons, ex-Conductor T. A. Goodman.
	Judge Wickham of the Henrico Co. Court has always been regarded to be a most excellent gentleman one of who  would scorn a dishonorable act, and white and colored vied in doing him honor. This was due to a large extent to his father, Gen. Wickham, at the time of his death, Vice-president of the C. &amp; O. R. R.
	This distinguished gentleman made the name “Wickham,” a household word. Colored men would jump over party lines to vote for the “old General.”
	It was surprising then, yea, disappointing to everyone when it was ascertained that Myer Angle had been appointed a constable for Henrico County. 
	Others may be able to explain it we cannot. Why did Judge Wickham appoint him? Was he ignorant of his record? Did he not know that he was guilty of trifling with the inalienable right and privilege of a freeman – the ballot? We should like to have these questions answered and find out what malign influence was exerted in this case and why Myer Angle was selected to fill a position, which his previous action had demonstrated he was unfit to hold Selah. </text>
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              <text>Lower Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18950727-A Peculiar Appointment</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-07-27</text>
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                <text>A Peculiar Appointment</text>
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          <name>Student Name</name>
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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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        <element elementId="53">
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              <text>The Planet believes the promotion of fair elections are “excellent” after the meeting of the Fair Elections conference in Petersburg, Virginia.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950810.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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              <text>The Fair Elections Conference held at Petersburg last week has met and adjourned.
	Its recommendations of the elections bill for the promotion of fair elections are excellent, but the composition of the meeting was not such as to inspire the hope that its suggestions will be soon acted upon and that a political upheaval will be the early result of its deliberations.
	So far as we have been able to observe, this non-partisan conference studiously excluded the Virginian of African descent, and yet admitted to its sessions Gen. William Mahone, a gentleman whose presence would do the cause more harm than that of a dozen citizens of darker hue. 
	However we endorse the result, although we may disapprove of the method by which it was obtained.
	We assert with confidence that until the “wheel-horses” of the Democratic Party, men trusted by the people lead the revolution against the present system of bossism and political corruption, there can be no practical results obtained.
	The slim attendance of the Conference and the little interest manifested by the people at large, make it reasonably certain to our mind that the people are content to bear the burden a while longer and submit to a species of political serfdom which not only brutalize the better nature but causes the lowering of himself in his own estimation.</text>
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              <text>Lower Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18950810-The Conference and Fair Elections-Fox</text>
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                <text>1895-08-10</text>
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        <element elementId="52">
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            <elementText elementTextId="17824">
              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>After laboring for weeks to eliminate African Americans voting rights the South Carolina Constitutional Convention believes they have succeeded.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18951005.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Voting</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="17834">
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            <elementText elementTextId="17835">
              <text>The South Carolina Un-constitutional “Constitutional” Convention has been laboring for weeks to eliminate the colored man as a factor in politics. 
	It believes it has succeeded and thus the trial of us as a race by the fires of persecution goes on.
	We shall await the onslaught and stand the test believing that the violation of great principles will surely react upon the violators.
	No laws which Senator Tillman and his illiterate white crew may enact can injure us further.
	The ballot has been wrested from our hands in that state with the revolver, the shot-gun, the Winchester rifle and the gibbet. Our liberties sleep beneath the bloody soil of South Carolina, and from further political injury we are secure.
	The action of these South Carolina buccaneers is taken to ease conscience. Certainly for no other cause could they resort to such tiresome efforts to disfranchise a people who have, so far as politics in that state is concerned abandoned hope.
	We are satisfied that what they have done is constitutional for no act of an unconstitutional body can be otherwise.
	They are handing down a legacy of blood and trouble to their children and will fail to accomplish the object of all their toil. 
</text>
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              <text>Lower Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>18951005-South Carolina and the Tillmanites-Fox</text>
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                <text>1895-10-05</text>
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        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Student Name</name>
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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>The Planet comments on the disenfranchisement of black voters in South Carolina.</text>
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              <text>South Carolina’s unconstitutional “Constitutional” Convention has met and adjourned.
	The novel character of this body was somewhat discounted by the fact that Mississippi had made the same sort of exhibition of its weakness before. Here was a bold attempt to disfranchise citizens of African descent by legal processes. Here was a declaration to the world that the doctrine of universal suffrage was all wrong and that the government of the many by the few was the only proper method to be practiced in South Carolina.
	This is an open confession that free institutions are failures, and that ring-rule and favoritism must forever hold sway in the Southland.
	That prince of demagogues, Senator B. R. Tillman made what has been termed the speech of his death, for it will haunt him to his grave.
	His misrepresentations and his falsehoods covered up under the verbiage of flowing rhetoric and fervid oratory will forever remain as a grim sentinel showing the depravity of man and demonstrating how far a human being may go in his search for continuation of power, and the increase of notoriety. 
	Senator Tillman conceded that the enactment of the constitutional provisions on the suffrage question was done to ease conscience.
	It was the intention to legalize lawlessness. Had he consulted history or read ethics, he would have arrived at the conclusion that it was and is impossible for this to be done.
	This mongrel document, the work of this unconstitutional “Constitutional Convention” will react upon the very children of those who conceived and put it into execution.
	The Scriptures have specified the only true way to a realization of happiness.
	It is not by deception and fraud, or by making the people of a whole state a party to criminal act.
	The people of South Carolina have not as yet through their properly accredited representatives framed a constitution.
	A ring controlled by Senator Tillman has done so. In his speech, he gave the same reasons that the thief gives for relieving a passer-by, the robber gives for robbing a citizen, the burglar gives for looting a bank, the murderer gives for slaying his victims. He pleads justification, and in so doing makes the alleged tool the responsible party while the principal who caused the act to be done is allowed to go “unwhipt of justice” unpunished by the rigors of the law which he has put into operation.
	The citizen of African descent smiles at the frantic efforts of this bourbon to further humiliate and disfranchise us. We are beyond the reach of his powerful arm, and know that all his labor is in vain. 
	On with the persecution, on with the disfranchisement, on with the torrent of undeserved abuse! We stood two hundred and fifty years of the most galling slavery known to mankind; we can weather all of the onerous laws you may see fit to crowd upon your statute-books.
	Wrong-doing carries with it punishment. Ruinous race-legislation reacts upon those who put it into operation and while our enemies may be throttling us in the field of political endeavor, we shall find industrial life-eternal in the school, the field, the workshop of this country.
	You may attempt to check our growth in South Carolina, we will yet reach our full measure of citizenship in other sections of our great land and the reaction will be so pronounced and telling that the action of today will either be a dead-letter or posterity will rise up and with a wave of indignation wipe them from the statutes of the state which they have so ling contaminated.
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-11-09</text>
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                <text>The Shame of South Carolina</text>
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              <text>Nine of the thirteen states which had elections voted overwhelmingly Republican. </text>
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              <text>Of the thirteen states in which elections took place Tuesday Nov. 5th, nine of them went overwhelmingly Republican.
	Utah elected a territorial convention which will sent two Republican United States Senators to Washington and give that party full control of that august tribunal.
	The most surprising results were achieved in New Jersey, Maryland, and Kentucky.
	That the last named state should break from her Democratic mooring is the surprise of the century. It also is the surprise of the century. It also is the surprise of the century. It also strengthens the claim of Judge Denney the Republican who ran against Mr. Owens, Democrat in Mr. Breckenridge congressional district but has counted out. 
	It is confidently predicted too that a Republican United States Senator from Kentucky will be one o the anomalies of the ape.
	This land-slide gives unmistakable evidence of what may be expected next year. 
	The nominee of the National Republican Convention will be the next President of the United States.
	And it is best that it should be so. The Democratic Party has shown its incapacity to govern and the more conservative members of the organization realize that fact.
	New York has set the pace for the nation and called upon all to follow. Prosperity is what is wanted and the country has expressed itself very emphatically upon that subject.</text>
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                <text>The Elections</text>
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