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              <text>Cord Fox</text>
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              <text>Judge Goff of the Circuit Court of the United State has reversed a recent ruling stating that South Carolina registration officers could act under illegal election laws. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950622.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Judge Goff of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of South Carolina has been reversed in his ruling granting an injunction restraining the registration officers of the State of South Carolina from acting under an illegal election law. This action was taken on an appeal from his decision brought in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Chief Justice Fuller, Judge Hughes and Judge Seymour presiding. After reading the opinion, we see plainly that the merits of the case are not discussed so far as the constitutionality of the law is concerned. Not one of the judges have dared to pass upon the main point at issue; namely, that the law is unconstitutional, and consequently in its enforcement a hardship would be practiced upon the citizens and inherent rights taken away. We have read with care the brief of Chief Justice Fuller and the remarkable production of Judge Hughes, who appears to be now in his dotage. Both of these documents are mere juggleries with existing conditions, an evasion of facts known to exist and an attempt to skim over a violation of the constitution of the United States by men in high judicial places who should have known that the object of all law is to ascertain the right of a question and mete justice. But the following extract is significant and illustrates the point we wished to dwell upon:
	“By section 5, appeals or writs of error may be taken to the Supreme Court in any case in which the Constitution of law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States, but although the constitutionality of a State law may be drawn in question in the Circuit Court, yet if the case may be disposed of on other grounds, not involving the validity of such a law we think this court has jurisdiction on appeal.”
	This involved the question of jurisdiction. The attorneys of the state of South Carolina should have been made to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the constitutional questions should have been passed upon. This action of this Appellate Court is the most radical enunciation of state’s rights we have yet seen. Another case should at once be made upon and the matter taken to the Supreme Court of the United States where the questions at issue can be properly passed upon. All talk about there being no question of federal election involved is the “merest moon-shine” and yet Judge Hughes assigns this as one of reasons for reversing Judge Goff. South Carolina has no more right to take from a citizen his constitutional privileges in a state election than it has in a national one, and he has as good a basis for an appeal to a federal judge as he would have under any other circumstances. Judge Hughes action in writing a personal opinion criticizing the action of a fellow judge is the most flagrant violation of all official rules of judicial etiquette we have as yet seen. If the court had desired him to formulate its opinion it would have so signified. As for the Republicanism, it would not stand an hour’s washing, so spurious has it become. We had hoped that he would not allow his apparent anxiety for public approval to get the better of his judgment, to end that he would rush in print in advance of the written opinion of the court itself. 
	His surprising ebullitions in publishing articles on the silver question were in bad taste to say the least. One in reading them became convinced that he was just like the senators, who delivered lengthy speeches upon the same subject – the more you read of them the more apparent it became that they knew no more about the silver question than the reader. If Judge Hughes would change the sign on the front of his establishment, so that it would read “Democrat” instead of “Republican”, the public would be less ill at ease and the surprise occasioned by his actions would be lessened by his injudicious utterances, emanating from the point of a pen.</text>
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                <text>18950622-Judge Goff Reversed-Fox</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1895-06-22</text>
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                <text>Judge Goff Reversed </text>
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              <text>A justice for Virginia lets a white Democratic constable off with no charges after the constable was accused of deceiving illiterate voters. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950608.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Meyer Angle, a white Democratic special constable was before Justice Vincent, Friday, May 31st. He was charged with having violated his sworn obligations by having deceived illiterate voters by marking their ballots, so that they could be made to vote for the Democratic nominees. He was caught in the act by Mr. Donley. 
	In the face of these facts Justice Vincent discharged him saying that he was possessed of much information upon the subject now before him, and as there had been some criticism as to his sending cases on to the grand jury, he thought it best not to certify the case. Was there ever a more flagrant abuse of official power and disregard of sworn obligations? So Justice Vincent is to be swayed by outside criticism. He will fail to do his duty, if the public should not be pleased with his actions.
	Meyer Angle was guilty so far as the evidence adduced was concerned. Citizens testified that he was worse than a thief. He had robbed them of the greatest boon of a freeman and should have been sent to the penitentiary instead of being turned loose upon the community. And yet this country Justice [God pity the designation] comes out boldly and declares that he will not do duty he stands sworn to perform. 
	Never during our entire journalistic career have we witnessed a more abject acknowledgement of one’s unfitness, a demonstration of a lack of moral courage so necessary to make a good official. We regard this decision as dating the beginning of the “passing of Squire Vincent” in the same minds of all right thinking people.</text>
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              <text>An Appellate Court Judge declares the registration and dispensary laws unconstitutional, making it harder to disenfranchise black people. </text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18950518.1.2&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>The action of Judge Goff of the United States Appellate Court, who in company with Judge Simonton declared the registration and dispensary laws unconstitutional is in keeping with right, and the dictates of conscience. We have never doubted but what a United States Court would so declare with reference to the dispensary laws if the questions could be gotten before it. 
	Interstate travellers and freight have some rights which the legislature of South Carolina is bound to respect. As to the decision of the court with reference to the registration laws, which essayed to absolutely disfranchise the American citizen of African decent and set up a government of the minority controlled by a ring, there has never been a question. 
	It was known to be repugnant to the constitution of the United States and its strongest supporters contented themselves with the declaration that the court had no jurisdiction, and if it had and the law was unconstitutional the state could not be enjoined or restrained from acting as it saw fit.
	However, Gov. Evans, who declared that he would disregard the instructions of the court has not as yet taken any steps so to do. 
	Andrew Jackson had at one time to send notice to South Carolina that he would place national troops upon her soil and no one who knows Grover Cleveland or Attorney General Olney will doubt but what he would do to day as Andrew Jackson did more than forty years ago. A singular fact in the connection with this case may be noted when it is remembered that the better class of Democrats who had in years passed opposed the disfranchisement of the Negro were forward in demanding that he has his rights. The blighting effects of Tillmanism wrought this change, and smiles play upon the countenances of those who were most apprehensive. God brings all things right in his own time.</text>
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                <text>1895-05-18</text>
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              <text>Votes for a primary election in Henrico County, Virginia, are publicly being sold without challenges to the lawfulness of the act. </text>
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              <text>It has been alleged that the colored vote was purchaseable, and that principle formed no part in the transaction so far as latter-day politics its concerned. 
	We have repeatedly maintained that the corrupt practices which have obtained among the degraded portion of our population was due to the white men. 
	A writer in the Richmond, Va. Daily Times of March 30th says:
	“Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the primary election in Henrico county Thursday was the open and unstinted use of money by friends of the different candidates. 
	The purchase of votes to place at most of the precincts, or at least it was clearly understood among the bystanders that that such was the case, but at Hungary precinct was the most startling instance. At this precinct votes were purchased with the most utter and open disregard of appearances. Voters were plied with offers from friends of opposing candidates, and, when finally won by the largest offer of ready cash, were marched to the polls, their tickets handed them, and their votes cast without even an examination of their ballots. One block of four was publicly proclaimed to have been bought for $42, and this without one word of denial from the voters themselves, who were in easy hearing of all comments upon the purchase. 
	One man, who, it was publicly announced, had been holding his vote at $25 rapidly approached the precinct and when asked by a dozen inquirers in loud tones how much he was to get for his vote, replied with a laugh, it was none of their business. He was seized upon by a canvasser, marched straight to the poll window, his ticket was handed him, and, without looking at it, he passed it to the judge. As soon as the ballot was received, he turned on his heel and quickly retraced his steps down the road, replying  to a number of loud inquiries as to the price he received that they needn’t bother about him, he knew his business. 
	Bystanders and officers of election alike expressed their disgust and condemnation of this shockingly demoralized state of affairs, and it was openly proposed to employ an auctioneer to sell a number of tardy voters to the highest bidder.”
	What have the Negro-haters to say of this?
	Is not “Blocks of Five” Dudley outdone. Continued wrong-doing must react upon the people practicing it. This is the Democratic primary, in which no colored man is allowed to vote. 
	The demoralizing condition of affairs is but the logical outcome of the defrauding of colored men. 
	Crime will operate upon the white man, when it finds there are no Negroes upon whim to practice. 
	But another writer corroborates the demoralizing condition of affairs. He says:
	“The statement in your issue of March 30th as to the open bribery practiced at Hungary precinct during the recent primary but supplements and confirms reports of such bribery and buying votes at Shoemaker’s precinct. The writer of this heard it in the air and talked about as a matter of fact all around the polls when he was there to cast his vote. One instance was cited by a reliable gentleman, who had denounced a shameless hawker of his vote, when he was trying to get an advanced on the four and half dollars already offered for it. 
	To say nothing of the morality of honesty of such doings, I want to ask as a party man, how far nominations thus brought may command our support at the polls? It is a question with some whether such corruption does not vitiate the primary and absolve the honest voter from support of its nominees, especially in cases where other and good candidates for election may offer. This is a practical question with a voter who has always voted the straight Democratic ticket, but is disposed to denounce a requirement to vote for a dishonest or incompetent candidate.”
	The solution of this question is the return to the bed-rock principles of a pure government and accord to all men equal rights before the law. There cannot be any caste in a free country which endangers the foundation of the republic itself.</text>
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                <text>Buying Voters</text>
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              <text>The Attorney General of Virginia argues that it is lawful to present several types of ballots, though the law states that there should only be one. </text>
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              <text>The discussion between the Daily Times and the Richmond Dispatch relative to fair elections has become decidedly interesting and the latter journal’s explanation of why the Walton Law was engrafted upon the Anderson-McCormick Electoral Boards Law decidedly amusing.
	All of this was done, it alleges, to protect the few thousand Negro-Democratic voters in the state from the prying eyes of their Republican associates. 
	Secrecy is absolutely essential so far as the Negro is concerned although it is advised that the Democratic special constable be called in to mark his ballot for him. 
	The fact that the Attorney General of Virginia rendered an opinion declaring that it was lawful for the Electoral Boards to have printed several kinds of ballots with the names of the candidates thereon disarranged is a telling indictment against that official and opens the way for severe criticism, as is also the action of the Secretary of the Commonwealth in sending circular upon the subject to the Electoral Board. 
	The law provides that there shall be but one ballot, not several kinds of ballots. 
Thus the officials of the state have been guilty of practicing trickery upon the people of the state.
	This was done to ensure party supremacy and demonstrates conclusively to what depths into the mire of politics some sworn officials can be made to go. 
	A voter unquestionably had the right to take any step he might see fit to mark his ballot, be it to count the number of names from the top, the length of the line or to “go it blind,” and trust to luck as to whether he would scratch out the proper names or not. 
	The people of the country are watching the outcome. The Times has proven its case, and ballot-box thieves have been convicted as a result of its startling exposures. 
	It is in favor of honesty. It condemns trickery. No right-thinking man can fail to endorse its course. No true Christina can hesitate in giving it abundant encouragement and support. 
</text>
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              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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              <text>Brian Schrott</text>
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              <text>The “unconstitutional ‘constitutional’ convention in South Carolina” plans to formally disfranchise the black man at the start of the new year.</text>
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              <text>The provisions of the acts of the unconstitutional “constitutional” convention in South Carolina will go into effect January 1, 1898. Only twelve thousand colored citizens out of a total of one hundred and twenty-eight thousand have registered under its provisions while ninety thousand white citizens are names as having complied with the requirements.
Some of our contemporaries of color are much wrought up over this condition of affairs and see dire disaster for us as a people so far as South Carolina is concerned.
We do not share in this opinion. We will be no worse off than we were before. These prejudiced bourbon democrats have simply put into the constitution that which they have been practicing without its authority. They have poisoned the fountain-head of the government itself and henceforth will flow therefrom corruption, which in due course of time will pollute not only the present generation, but those who are to follow after.
There are immutable laws, the violation of which brings punishment. Were this not so ethics would be falsehoods and the Bible a mockery.
Twelve thousand colored votes will be more potent in the present condition of affairs in shaping the destinies of South Carolina, than were the 128,000 before. White men will think that the Negro will “cut no figure” and will sooner or later divide; and so evenly that two thousand Negro votes will be effective in settling the contest one way or the other.
Under the present regime, unmarred so to speak by this unconstitutional “constitutional” enactment, Hon. G. W. Murray is making a fight for his seat in the halls of Congress.
The time will yet come when the unrest caused by this action will result in the discomfiture of the leading parties to the robbery.
When white men have no Negroes to disfranchise, they proceed to operate upon the weaker elements of their own people. Let us not be discouraged. Let us have hope, the Almighty has this matter in hand and fretting and impatient utterances should not cause us to forget that, – the “hand of God is in all history.”</text>
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                <text>18971225-Violating the Federal Constitution</text>
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                <text>1897-12-25</text>
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              <text>Brian Schrott</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="13888">
              <text>The Planet emphasizes the racism of the Richmond Dispatch and talks about their “chronic attacks of Negro-phobia.”</text>
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              <text>The Richmond Va., Dispatch continues to suffer from chronic attacks of Negro-phobia. From its position in favor of a constitutional convention it ingloriously retreats, and assigns as its reason that a Negro’s vote will have as much weight as that of a white man’s.&#13;
It is a pity that no senitorium exists in this country for the cure of such ailments. This journal and its management have our sympathy.&#13;
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          <name>Student Name</name>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>The Democratic Party of Virginia” holds an “unconstitutional ‘Constitutional’ Convention” to discuss how blacks are the “‘hindering cause’ in the way of a pure election”.</text>
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              <text>Eating Their Own Cookings. 
The Democratic party of Virginia made the Negro an issue and spent over a half million dollars of the state’s funds for the purpose of holding an unconstitutional “Constitutional” Convention for the special benefit of the colored brother, alleging that he was the “hindering cause” in the way of a pure election. It alleged that if he were “wiped out” as a voting factor, “peace would reign in Warsaw” and dishonesty in elections be a thing of the past. 
We repeatedly asserted that this was a vain hope. The ballot box suffer and tally sheet manipulator must have something to do and with the Negro out of the way, they would at once begin work on the “brother in white.” When there are no white men’s chickens to raise from the roost, the colored brother must of necessity pay his respects to the colored brother’s barn-yard in the neighborhood. 
This is the amusing phase of the situation. Even the dishonest colored man now realizes that he is not able to “hold a light” for the white thieves now infesting this neighborhood and he knows too that the colored race as such is unquestionably one of the most honest types of mankind on the face of the globe. 
Are elections honest now? Do white men rob white men? Here is a report of political meetings held Thursday, October 23rd, 1903 in Henrico county. It speaks for itself:
“The speaking itself was of a pretty lively sort. On the Todd side, a hot fire was poured at the State Committee and at the newspapers of the city. The Chairman Ruffin made a claim, clear argument for his contention that the State Committee had no jurisdiction, and that the state did right in finding Bauer guilty. Mr. St. George Coalter followed in a speech in which he brought some sensational charges against the Brauer side and in which he incidentally belabored the papers. Mr. Todd himself followed and what he said about the State committee was pretty lively and brisk to say the least. He practically charged that the committee had been bought up with whiskey. He said he had been ‘gold-bricked’ and ‘sand bagged’ by the honorable gentlemen of the committee.”…</text>
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                <text>October Summaries</text>
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              <text>Rose Williams</text>
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              <text>The Planet accuses the “Democrats of Henrico County” of unconstitutionally disregarding the black vote. </text>
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              <text>Trouble in the County. 
Democrats Fighting – Only Themselves Damaged.
All Whites for Each Other
Hot Times and Bitter Speeches – Colored Folks Happy. 
The Democrats of Henrico county, Va., are having a Kilkenny cat time of it in their political warfare. This is the country in which the colored voter was about the worst robbed mortal on the face of the globe. The new unconstitutional Constitution has practically removed the colored citizen out of the equation and the ballot-box stuffers and the tallysheet manipulators have been practically out of a job. The desire to play the game again has been so great that they began operations on members of their own party and the result is “There’s a hot time in the old town tonight.”
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>Trouble in the County</text>
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              <text>The Planet quotes the 14th and 15th amendments explaining just how unconstitutional the “Constitutional” Convention of Virginia actually is.</text>
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              <text>The Constitutional Convention of Virginia seems now to be a veritable white elephant on the hands of the people of Virginia. Most of the work is being done by committees and none seems to be attracting as much attention as the one to which has been assigned the duty of restricting the elective franchise. All kinds of reports are being circulated as to what the committee will do. The latest is that a poll-tax qualification of $1.50 will be required. This was tried once before and soon became one of the most unpopular measures ever placed upon the statute books. We cannot fully understand Senator John W. Daniel. He is chairman of that committee. He is sworn to support the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Article XIV is as follows: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state in which the reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Could language be plainer? It is mandatory and there can be no escape from its plainly expressed provisions. Article XV reads: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by previous condition of servitude.” This too is equally sweeping and yet the Richmond Dispatch of Sunday July 28th, the reporter stated: […illegible….] For the suffrage problem is the problem of all. It is not the wish of the advocates of a real estate qualification that there be any educational requirement. This latter is regarded as a makeshift so far as it would be effective in eliminating the Negro vote. The Negroes are rapidly learning to read and write. It is not improbable that the class of colored illiterates is decreasing more rapidly than is the class of white illiterates. The Negro is also acquiring real estate more rapidly than is generally supposed. That is, the number of Negroes owning realty is steadily increasing.” He continues: “But it is a fact that there are few Negroes who own land to the value of $300. At least that is the view of the advocates of the real estate qualification. While there are Negroes who own small pieces of land, there are said to be few who own pieces worth as much as $300. The advocates of the real estate qualification are most earnest. The fact that they are so much in earnest, and the further fact that they number nearly one-third of the committee. Which is a much greater than is claimed by the advocates of any other plan, gives hope to its advocates.” He says further: “The Suffrage Committee will meet again Tuesday morning. It may report in two weeks. It has the most difficult work of any of the committees. Every plan of suffrage proposed maybe be objected to on the ground that it will cut some of the white men of the State out of the right to vote. It is the belief of the advocates of the real estate qualification that is will deprive fewer whites of the right of suffrage than any other proposed as a method of eliminating the mass of the Negro vote.” One of the members was desperate indeed, for he is quoted as follows: “One of the most prominent members of the convention said yesterday that he was considering the propriety of offering a resolution which should provide that none of the tests provided in the suffrage clause should apply to the full-blooded Negro. He will probably offer the resolution. This is regarded as significant, as indicative of the fact that the whites of the State are not opposed to the Negro exercising the right of suffrage simply because he is a Negro. ‘The old issues’ Negroes are not giving any trouble, and have not given any.” The plan to disfranchise white men’s Negro offspring would indeed raise a howl from one section of the state to the other. The body should engraft a provision making it a felony for a white man to carnally know a colored woman and vice-versa, fixing their punishment at confinement in the penitentiary from one to five years. Some of our females are so white now that they charge us with bad manners because we hesitate to speak to them on the streets. If the constitutional convention will take hold of this end of the question, it will be the cause of much satisfaction on the part of the advocates of the rights of the full-blooded Negro. This then is an insight into the situation. How can Christian legislators or atheistic ones with honorable intentions disregard the amendments, which they as citizens are bound to support? This is the question of questions and will be a source of embarrassment in Alabama as much so in Virginia.</text>
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