3 10 300 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Cord Fox Summary The black community praises the Virginia Governor, Charles O’Ferrall, after he pardons men from their crime and has caused the number of lynchings to decrease to almost none in the state. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18950706.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound The Norfolk, Va., Recorder continues to confound injustice in the courts with lynching by lawless parties. There has been no lynching in Virginia since Hon. Charles T. O’Ferrall has been Governor. As to the slurs cast, we have only to say that through the influence of this journal, Simon S. Walker, was saved from the gallows, three colored men released from the Virginia penitentiary, Peter Cary, pardoned from the same institution, Richard Hewlett, pardoned from jail, Charles Harris, released from jail, Richard Sampson, pardoned from the Virginia penitentiary, Alexander Spottswood released from jail. Isaac Jenkins, who had been lynched, was defended and acquitted of a charge which would have either hanged him, or placed him in the Virginia penitentiary, with numerous other persons who have been extended similar favors walking the streets of Richmond. All great evils have increased ere they were eliminated. This was as true of the oppression by England as it was of the slave-system in vogue in this country. Short-sighted people have always disparaged and discounted the work of agitators and yet have been the first to enjoy the benefits accruing from their tireless labors. Lynch-law must go! Location Lower Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18950706-Will Not See-Fox Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1895-07-06 Title A name given to the resource Will Not See Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Cord Fox Summary The Planet expresses their right to report on any story they want and to inform the community as they see fit. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18951026.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound That Rev. Browne’s secret circular, which was published in our issue of last week created a sensation expresses it mildly. Even the most conservative elements were forward in condemning it, and declaring that it was the most signal blunder as yet made. We have all along reminded our friends and the public that this species of warfare has been going on for months. We were aware of every movement, and have been successful in fouling every attempt to do us any material injury. We are free to say that this last effort is the most cowardly and dastardly outrage as yet attempted, and merits the unqualified condemnation of all right-thinking people everywhere. It demonstrates beyond the shadow of a doubt that Rev. Browne is directing the organization towards the shoals of certain destruction. No agitation which we could bring about, no crusade which we might inaugurate could begin to make as certain the downfall of the True Reformers as have the blunders which we have from time to time chronicled. We make it a rule never to fight colored men or antagonize race institutions. And even now we are on the defensive rather than the aggressive. What we are doing was forced upon us. We would be untrue to ourselves and false to the people we represent were we to fail to warn them of impending danger and point out to them the only thing that will save them and the organization from destruction. No Fountain [Lodge] in the United States is allowed to keep as much as a ten cent piece in its treasury. Every cent of its money must be forwarded to this city. Once here it cannot be gotten out save by the “red tape” process. That one man should carefully plan to have twenty-five thousand dollars more than the entire amount in the Bank, (the Order’s treasury) voted to him is beyond the bounds of reason. And yet this was done. It was so arranged that while the assertions have and are still being made to the contrary, by their own admissions it is proven that the monthly dues, the sick fund, the profits on stock-sales will all go to pay Rev. Browne the fifty thousand dollars. Indeed, the entire brotherhood is made to furnish money for his personal benefit. This is done in the face of the fact that the thing sold belonged to the Order and the misleading figures presented, deceived numbers who were unaccustomed to handling finance. It is plainly evident that Rev. Browne does not propose to relinquish his hold on the fifty thousand dollars. It is plainer still that the rank and file of the True Reformer to not propose to pay it. There is a way out. It is by appeal to the courts. By this method alone can the Order be saved from destruction and peace reign once more within its walls. Rev. Brown has skillfully drawn the Order into a losing fight, gotten he contents of its treasury and calmly watches its steady movement to destruction. His lieutenants see the danger, but it is as much as their official life and salaries are concerned for them to enter even a feeble protest. Every employee within the bounds of the organization can be removed at short notice by President Browne. The end is not yet. Location Lower Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18951026-The Secret Circular-Fox Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1895-10-26 Title A name given to the resource The Secret Circular Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Cord Fox Summary The Attorney General argues his point on the constitutional rights of citizens in the state of Virginia. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18951123.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound The very able, logical, convincing argument of the Attorney General R. Taylor Scott before the Supreme Court of Appeals on the 15th inst. in defining the constitutional rights of a citizen and defending the Chief Executive in his course in carrying out the guarantees of the Bill of Rights of Virginia marks an epoch in the history of this commonwealth and demonstrates beyond the shadow of a doubt, the fact that there are Democratic white men in the South in whose hands can be safely intrusted the liberties of all the people. When he declared that the purpose of all law was to protect human life, he stated a bed-rock principle of our free institution and sent the rear on short notice the carping critics who had essayed to pass upon his actions. Whether the Supreme Court of Virginia sustains him or not in his contention, the great body of American people will, and the scholars of this age and the legal luminaries of others will bear him out in the glorious declaration of truths which form the foundation of our government and the removal of which will doom our free institution not only to decay, but to destruction. Thank God! that the Virginia chivalry of the past, the love of fair-play of the present and a practical demonstration of the justice of the future have been resurrected. Citizens of Virginia a better day is dawning. It will not be long before the effulgent sun of righteousness will shine upon the full realization of all our hopes. Lynch-law must go! Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 18951123-The Attorney Generals Position-Fox Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1895-11-23 Title A name given to the resource The Attorney General's Position Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary A black man is hired for the prestigious position of guard to the state legislature, the first time the position was not filled by a white man. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960125.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound George D. Stinson, of Pittsburg, and W. H. Grimshaw, of New York, two colored men, have been appointed assistant doorkeepers and are stationed at the entrance to the men's gallery of the House of Representatives. It is said they are the first colored men ever appointed to a position of this nature at the Capitol, though there have been frequent appointments of colored men in the libraries and in other capacities. Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Copy of ~MASTER ITEM TEMPLATE Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-01-25 Title A name given to the resource For the First Time Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary A letter to the editor mocks the proposed segregated train car bill. Item Type Letter to the Editor Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960222.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Editor of the Planet: The presence in the Virginia Legislature of a man like Mr. Radford, the author of the "Separate Car" bill is another evidence that "one has not always to be wise or good to be preferred." Mr. Radford doubtless esteems himself a very proper law-maker and "one of the Negroes' best friends." Now, we are very much opposed to “class-legislation" and to that peculiar "friendship" which is constant seeking to humiliate us. The Negro has no desire to "intrude" himself upon the white man, but if an insistence upon an equality of civil privileges is intrusion, we shall continue to "intrude," separate cars or no separate cars. The self-respecting Negroes (and there are thousands of them in Virginia) are as much offended by the bad conduct of low people, white and black, on common carriers as are se respecting white people, but they cannot see that one coach for all colored people and another coach for all white people will bring a riddance of the nuisance to either party. Let us rather have one car for well behaved people and another those who will not behave themselves. Colored people will give their approval to, and grow patriotic under any measure that provides for protection of all people, but they are eternally at war against any legislation which carries with it the idea that all colored people are bad and white people are good. Yours for justice and statesmanship, F. D. Banks. Hampton, VA, Feb. 17,1896. Location Lower Right Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F22.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-02-22 Title A name given to the resource The Separate Car Bill Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary The writer argues against the train car segregation bill. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960229.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound The Separate Car bill which a prejudiced legislator, Gen. Hundley, has offered deserves the silence which seems to be accorded it, and we hope it will be allowed to slumber and sleep until the session has ended. These periodic attempts to stir up racial prejudice a reprehensible, and are made by men who should know better, but are simply acting in accordance with the wished of the lower strata of the whites, who know nothing of economic principles and governmental law. Caste distinctions injure the communities practicing them and cause capital to hesitate and make short duration of its location there. Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F29.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-02-29 Title A name given to the resource The Separate Car Bill Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary An early court case about segregation rules that schools must be integrated. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960404&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound 108 Fulton St, New York City. Alfred C. Cowan, Attorney and Counsellor at Law wins a great victory over his white brother in the New York Supreme Court. The colored citizens of the village of Jamaica have achieved a great victory over the Board of Education of that place, who refused to admit colored children residing in the district to the white schools. In September 1895, the colored residents and tax-payers in accordance to a notice issued by the Board of Education to the parents of the village of Jamaica to send their children to school, the colored people of the said village obeyed the notice and sent their children to the school nearest to where they lived, but the colored children were not admitted and were sent home and told to go to the colored school which had been set apart for them more than 40 years, but owing to the inferiority of which there has not been a single colored child who has aver graduated from the grammar course. The colored people employed Counsellor Alfred C. Cowan to take legal steps to see why the colored children should not be permitted and allowed to attend the school in the district where they lived. Counsellor at once proceeded and obtained an order to show cause from the Supreme Court directing the Board of Education to give a reason why the colored people should not be allowed to send their children to the schools in their respective districts. After a long legal technical procedure, Counsellor Alfred C. Cowan has achieved a great victory, having met his opponent in four contests and defeated him each time; having won the last contest before his honor, Joseph F. Barnard, one of the judges of the Supreme Court secured an able opinion in which he said: "It is merely prejudice which keeps a colored child from the school provided for his white associates. It is a foolish remembrance of the conditions of slavery by which the colored race were held to be inferior to the white race. This prejudice and the remembrance ought to disappear. If the Board of Education of Jamaica will visit Poughkeepsie, they will see how fully the colored child and the white child harmonize and how well the colored child keeps up with the general scholarships, demurrer over-ruled with seventy-two dollars cost." It will also be remembered that Counsellor T. McCants Stewart had a similar proceeding on behalf of a Miss Frazer, a colored teacher who was refused the right to take charge of a white school, but he was defeated. Miss Frazer was on the eligible list. She was defeated in the legal proceedings, but it was the means of perfecting a compromise whereby one is now teaching. But, the victory for Counselor Cowan an is one of which every colored person ought to be proud. He has proved that he is in every way capable to handle the most difficult and technical proceedings, also, that he is a true race man, having fought the case almost at his own expense. Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context april.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-04-04 Title A name given to the resource Must Admit Them Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary C. L. Harris, one of the first black men to serve in a jury, speaks his recollections of 1967 trial of Jefferson Davis, which just so happened to be the first trial involving a jury which included black men. Item Type Article Image Yes URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960418.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Newport News, Va., Jan 15, 96. Mr. John Mitchell, Jr., Editor of Planet. Dear Sir: I promised to give you an outline of the times and the time I was a member of the grand jury which indicted Mr. Jefferson Davis, the first mixed jury ever empaneled in this country. lt was in May, 1867. The late president of the Confederate States of America obeyed the summons to appear before the Federal court at Richmond. Chief Justice Chase and District Judge Underwood presided at the trial. His being in court excited many spectators who were anxious to hear the trial. I noticed Mr. Davis leaning on the left side of the bar of the court, on the eastern entrance to the court room. The place was densely packed with some of our best citizens of Richmond and vicinity. A few faces might be seen of the colored, the body being white. What excited the spectators was at the time when the foreman, Mr. Botts, and the rest of the grand jury walked through the western entrance suddenly took their seats in the jury box. I came in the body and about to take my seat near Mr. Botts I looked over the crowd and cast my eyes at Mr. Davis. He looked on me and smiled, then the whole body burst almost in a general laugh. I could but smile, as I was the object of attraction to the lookers on as well as Mr. Davis, being the first black man ever seen on a jury in this country. Mr. Botts handed the bill of indictment to Mr. Chandler, the District Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. It became my lot to be a member of the grand jury of the U. S., because of a speech delivered in the convention that was held at the Old African Church now known as Rev. 1st Baptist Church. This was the first convention after the war, which organized the republican party. Hon. John Hokshouse of Alexandria was president of said convention. The number of colored men on the grand jury was six. Dr. Fields Cook, Messrs. John Oliver, George Seaton, Simms, Hon. Rosina Beckley, with your humble servant, Cornelius Liggan Harris. The number of whites on said jury was twelve, viz: Hon. John Minor Botts, foreman, the Hon. John Hoxhouse, Mr. Balvin, of Prince William Co., Va., Mr. Peter Couch, Hon. Joseph Segar, Mr. Umbarger and other gentlemen of distinction whose names I cannot now remember. One more thing I shall note - the Federal execution required bondsmen influential in the republican party of the north and Mr. Greely being especially named seemed as a matter of justice considered as legal, and no motive from personal regard Mr. Greely and Mr. Garret Smith were bondsmen for Mr. Davis. I am unable to say how many of my comrades remain to survive with me. I know not, but it is certain the foreman, Hon. John Minor Botts, Hon. Joseph Segar and Mr. George Heaton have gone the way of all the earth. 1 am left to tell what happened. It will be gratifying to the reader when I say that Mr. Davis was represented by that well known giant mind the Hon. Charles Oconor of New York City. Will I ever forget the polite mode in which he addressed the court? Two hundred thousand dollars (200000) were the required security, it being at hand. Counsel for the defendant promised the court whenever Mr. Davis should be needed he would be forth coming. The requirements being me the court adjourned and the anxious spectators went to their several places of abode. I, C. L. Harris, was born in Buckingham County, Va., in 1833 Nov 27. I was brought to Richmond at six months of age. My mother's name was Cecelia Harris, formerly Cecelia Liggan. She was the wife of Isaac Harris, as records of the clerk's office of the Hustings Court of the city of Richmond will show. I lived in Richmond, Va., ever since 1834 until the time of my removal Aug 12, 1890. Since that time I have resided in Newport News. It is proper for me to state in this connection that I married a lady in 1865 by the name Matilda Jane Howell, daughter of Henry Howell of Powhatan County, Va. We have recently celebrated our fortieth marriage anniversary. We are blessed to be in good health. Respectfully yours, C. L Harris Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context april.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-04-18 Title A name given to the resource First Mixed Jury Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary A quick statement declaring that reformatories be created for the black community and for girls, as currently white males would be ‘reformed’ and other demographics placed in prison. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960829.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound It is highly essential that some place be provided for the young boys and girls now roaming our streets and engaging in all kinds of mischief. As at present arranged, white boys go to the reformatory and colored boys to jail. There is no justice in this. All are the creatures of the commonwealth, and all should be provided for. Virginia is making criminals faster than she is punishing them and it is necessary that steps be taken to prepare a place, not only for the boys, but the girls as well. Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context august.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-08-29 Title A name given to the resource It is highly essential that some place be provided for the young boys and girls now roaming our streets and engaging in all kinds of mischief. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Name Liam Eynan Summary The Planet summarizes a recent academic paper chronicles black people throughout history. Item Type Article Image No URL https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&d=RP18960919.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- Topic Social Change Times Repeated Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound The place that the Negro has filled in the world's civilization is a subject that is very entertainingly discussed in the Arena by Prof. Willis Boughton, of Ohio State University. And an important part he filled according to Professor Boughton. All history, he says, is full of traces of the black race. It is now usually recognized as the oldest race of which we have any knowledge. The wanderings of these people since prehistoric history began have not been confined to the African continent. In paleolithic times the black man roamed al will over all the fairer portion of the old world. Europe as well as Asia and Africa acknowledged his sway. No white man had yet appeared to dispute his authority in the vine-clad valleys of France or Germany or upon the classic hills of Greece or Rome. The black man preceded all others and carried Paleolithic culture to its very height. But the history of all lands has been only a record of succeeding races. Old races have often been supplanted by those of inferior culture but of superior energy. More often, however, by fusion of different racial types and by the mingling of various tribes and people, have been evolved new races superior to any of the original types. The blacks were a fundamental element in the origin not only of the primitive races of southern Europe, but of the civilized races of antiquity as well. History may be said to begin in ancient Egypt, and recede into the past just as far as records and inscriptions lend us light; still in the Nile valley we find a civilization that has drawn from all succeeding ages expressions of wonder and admiration This first example of a civilization was an isolated one; it had evolved right there in that wondrously happy region. Surely the ancient Egyptians wore a remarkable people; but who were they? The ruling tribes are called Hamites - the "sunburnt" family according to Dr. Winchell; of Negritic origin, says Canon Rawlinson. But back of these ruling Hamites were a "lighted-hearted" people - "gay," "good-natured," "pleasant," "sportive," "witty," “droll," "amorous” - such are the descriptive terms used in telling the story of those primitive tribes who Dr. Taylor says, lived peaceably in those regions for 2000 years before the advent of Asiatic invaders. Suggestive as they may seem, such terms are truly descriptive of the inhabitants whom we would expect to find in the Nile valley in ancient times. They were probably as purely Negritic as are the great mass of our own Afro Americans. If the colored Egyptian, beginning at the zero point of culture, could independent evolve a civilization, having had no model, what can we now hope for the American Negro, who has for a model the highest civilization that the world has ever seen and who has already proved himself such an apt scholar? Let no one, then, visit Egypt and view her pyramids, obelisks, her temples, her tombs, her sphinx, and still claim that the blacks have no place in history. They furnish almost the isolated examples of civilization developed without a model, even though other racial factor may have entered into that civilization. When the Hamites and their kindred were at the height of their power, their influence extended to far greater limits than is ordinarily supposed. They pressed toward the continent of Europe; they entered and took possession of the land. The Hellenes were the Aryans first to be brought into contact with these sunburnt Hamites, who, let it be remembered, though classed as white, were probably as strongly Negritic as are the Afro-Americans. These Hellenes were savages or barbarian. But Aryan strength and energy was thus brought into contact with Hamitic Culture. Then occurred the great struggle of centuries for social equality between the blond Aryan and the Pelasgian, the dark child of the soil. Greece thus had her race social question to settle, and it was settled by fusion. Had it not been for that mixture of dark blood in the Greek composition, that race of poets, artists and philosophers would never have existed. "The Iberians," says Dr. Winchell "entered by the Pillars of Hercules. They came from northern Africa at time when the Hamitic Berbers were gaining possession. They overran the Spanish peninsula, founded cities, built a navy, carried on commerce, extended their empire over Italy, as Sicanes, when Rome was founded, long before the sack of Troy, and from Italy passed into Sicily. The Pelasgic empire was at its meridian in early as 2500 B. C. This people came from the islands of the Aegean, and more remotely from Asia Minor. They were originally a branch of the sunburnt Hamitic stock, that laid the basis of civilization in Canaan and Mesopotamia, destined later to be Semitized. Rome itself was Pelasgian from the 14th century to 428 B. C. But in Italy and Greece the Hamitic stock was displaced and absorbed by Aryan, as in Asia it had been by Semitic. Rome, even, had her race social problem. There was also a struggle between the white and dark races. The oppressed Plebeians finally seceded to the Sacred Mount until their wrongs were in a measure redressed. Intermarriage, or fusion, at last settled the question. Such, too, is the story that Spanish ethnology tells. "Clearly there does not exist in Europe a nation of tolerably pure ethnic character, nor do national boundaries mark the limits of such ethnic strain, as remain discoverable. The figment of a German nationality or a French, in any ethnic sense, is as baseless as that of an Austrian, a British, or an American." Those drops of black blood were just as necessary to produce the ethnic character of the Spaniard or Roman as were the white and generations probably passed away before it was noticeable as to which element predominated. Still it would be considered the height of discourtesy sneeringly to inquire, "what makes the Greek, the Italian or the Spaniard dark in color?'' It is fitting that we recognize, however, how great a factor the Negro has been in the history making of the world. Location Upper Left Quadrant Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Sept.docx Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <i>Richmond Planet</i> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1896-09-19 Title A name given to the resource The Negro in History