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              <text>Cali Hughes</text>
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              <text>The United States Naval Court of Inquiry finds no reason for the battleship Maine to have combusted of its own accord, leaving a torpedo attack from Spain as the only answer.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP18980402&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>The president is waiting for a reply to his demands on Spain’s government.

Warfare in Cuba must cease.

Unless it does the President will lay the whole matter before Congress and be guided by its instructions. The government secures a torpedo boat built for the German government and a number of yachts and tugs which will be transformed into marine fighters—Admiral Sicard retired, and Captain Sampson succeeds him in the command of the fleet at Key West—Commodore Schley commands the flying squadron at Hampton Roads—the report of the Court of Inquiry into the disaster to the Battleship Maine, in the Harbor of Havana, and the President’s message to congress on the subject.

Washington, March 28.—Following is the full text of the report of the court of inquiry appointed to investigate the disaster to the Maine at Havana:

United States Steamer Iowa, First Rate, Key West, Fla., Monday, March 21, 1898.

After full and mature consideration of all the testimony before it, the court finds as follows:

1.	That the United States battleship Maine arrived in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on the 25th day of January 1898, and was taken to buoy No. 4, in from five to six fathoms of water, by the regular government pilot.
2.	The state of discipline on board the Maine was excellent, and all orders and regulations in regard to the care and safety of the ship were strictly carried out.

All ammunition was stowed in accordance with prescribed instructions, and proper care was taken whenever ammunition was handled.

Nothing was stowed in any one of the magazines or shell rooms were always locked after having been opened, and after the destruction of the Maine the keys were found in their proper place in the captain’s cabin, everything having been reported secure that evening at 8 p.m. The temperatures of the magazine and shell room were taken daily and reported. The only magazine which had an undue amount of heat was the after ten-inch magazine, and that did not explode at the time the Maine was destroyed.

The torpedo warheads were all stowed in the after part of the ship under the ward room, and neither cause nor participated in the destruction of the Maine.

The dry gun cotton primers and detonators were stowed in the cabin aft, and remote from the scene of the explosion.

Waste was carefully looked after on board the Maine to obviate danger. Special orders in regard to this had been given by the commanding officer. 

Varnishes, dryers, alcohol and other combustibles of this nature were stowed on or above the main deck and could not have had anything to do with the destruction of the Maine.

The medical stores were stowed aft under the ward room and remote from the scene of the explosion.

No dangerous stores of any kind were stowed below in any of the other store rooms.

The coal bunkers were inspected daily. Of those bunkers, adjacent to the forward magazines and shell rooms were empty, namely, B3, B4, B5, B6. 

A5 had been in use all day, and A16 was full of the new river coal. This coal had been carefully inspected before receiving it on board. The bunker in which it was stowed was accessible on three sides at all times, and the fourth side at this time on account of bunkers B4 and B6 being empty. This bunker, A16, had been inspected Monday by the engineer officer on duty.

The fire alarms in the bunkers were in working order, and there had never been a case of spontaneous combustion of coal on board the Maine.

The two after boilers of the ship were in use at the time of the disaster, but for auxiliary purposes only, with a comparatively low pressure of steam and being tended by a reliable watch. These boilers could not have caused the explosion of the ship. The four forward boilers have since been found by the divers and are in a fair condition.

On the night of the destruction of the Maine everything had been reported secure for the night at 8 p.m. by reliable persons, through the proper authorities to the commanding officer. At the time, the Maine was destroyed the ship was quiet and therefore least liable to accident caused by movements from those on board.

3.	The destruction of the Maine occurred at 9:40 p.m. on the 15th day of February 1898, in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, she being at the time moored to the same buoy to which she had been taken upon her arrival.
There were two explosions of a distinctly different character, with a very short but distinct interval between them, and the forward part of the ship was lifted to a marked degree at the time of the first explosion.

The first explosion was more in the nature of a report, like that of a gun, while the second explosion was more open, prolonged, and of greater volume. This second explosion was, in the opinion of the court, caused by the partial explosion of two or more the forward magazines of the Maine.

4.	The evidence bearing upon this, being principally obtained from divers, did not enable the court to form a definite conclusion as to the condition of the wreck, although it was established that the after part of the ship was practically intact and sank in the condition a very few minutes after the destruction of the forward part.

The following facts in regard to the forward part of the ship are, however, established by testimony.

That portion of the port side of the protective deck which extends from about frame 30 to about frame 41 was blown up aft, and over to port. The main deck from about frame 30 to about frame 41 was blown up aft, and slightly over to starboard, folding the forward part of the middle superstructure over and on top of the after part.

This was, in the opinion of the court, caused by the partial explosion of two or more of the forward magazines of the Maine.

5.	At frame 17 the outer shell of the ship from a point eleven and one-half feet from the middle line of the ship and six feet about the keel when in its normal position has been forced up so as to be now about four feet above the surface of the water; therefore, about 34 feet above where it would be had the ship sank uninjured. The outside bottom plating is bent into a reversed V shape, the after wing of which about 15 feet broad and 32 feet in length) from frame 17 to frame 25), is doubled back upon itself against the continuation of the same plating extending forward.

At frame 18 the vertical keel is broken in two, and the flat keel bent into an angle similar to the angle formed by the outside bottom plating. This break is now about six feet below the surface of the water, and about 30 feet above its normal position.

In the opinion of the court this effect could have been produced only by the explosion of a mine situated under the bottom of the ship at about frame 18, and somewhat on the port side of the ship.

6.	The court finds that the loss of the Maine, on the occasion named, was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or members of the crew of said vessel.
7.	In the opinion of the court the Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two of her forward magazines.

8.	The court has been unable to obtain evidence fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons.

The report is signed by Captain W. T. Sampson, president of the court of inquiry, and Lieutenant Commander Marix, judge advocate, and approved by Admiral Sicard.</text>
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                <text>Congress to Act: Will Assume a Vigorous Attitude Towards Spain</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1898-04-02</text>
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                <text>Congress to Act: Will Assume a Vigorous Attitude Towards Spain</text>
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              <text>Elizabeth Lopez-Lopez</text>
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              <text>In the National House, “a net Republican gain of 5” districts” is being gained for Republicans.</text>
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              <text>https://virginiachronicle.com/cgi-bin/virginia?a=d&amp;d=RP19001110.1.5&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------</text>
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              <text>Congressmen Chosen
The Dominant Party Strengthened in the National House.
A Net Republican Gain of Five.
Republicans Have Gained Twelve New Members and the Democrats Seven—McAleer Defeated in the Third Pennsylvania District.
Chicago, Nov. 7—Returns from 301 of the 356 congressional districts show that the Republicans have elected 163, Democrats 135, fusionists 1, silverites 1, Populists 1. The Republicans have gained 12 districts and the Democrats 7, a net Republican gain of 5. The congressmen elected, according to the latest reports, are given below. Those marked (*) are present members.
…</text>
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              <text>Upper Left Quadrant</text>
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                <text>n/a</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1900-11-10</text>
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                <text>Congressmen Chosen</text>
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              <text>Ryan Shah</text>
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              <text>President Theodore Roosevelt issues an executive order “prohibiting the employment of convict labor on government works,” despite the protests of officials in the war department. </text>
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              <text>The president has issued an order prohibiting the employment of convict labor on government works. The question of the employment of such labor was raised in connection with certain river and harbor improvements in Arkansas, the contractor for which desired to employ a number of state convicts under contract with the state authorities.

The officials of the war department were almost unanimously opposed to the plan, and Judge Advocate General Davis gave an opinion that it was contrary to the spirit if not the latter of the labor laws of the United States.</text>
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                <text>Convict Labor Barred</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Richmond Planet&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>1905-05-27</text>
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              <text>Cali Hughes</text>
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              <text>African American soldiers state that they prefer their own commanders to new White commanders.</text>
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              <text>Major Young, Ohio Volunteers, the only colored line officer in the Army.

[From the New York Press.]

“I would rather serve under Lieut. Young than any other man I ever saw.”

This is the opinion of Maj. Gen. Axline, of the Ohio National Guard regarding the only Negro line officer in the regular army. As Major of Volunteers, Lieut. Young will lead a battalion of Negro volunteers from the State of Ohio.

There have been several Negroes in the line of the regular army, but Young is the only one left now. His father fought in the Union Army in the Rebellion, and the son, Charles, was born in Kentucky thirty-one years ago. At the close of the war the family moved to Ripley, Brown County, Ohio, and the son was sent to the common school, to the high school, in which he was afterward principal, and then to a preparatory school to fit him for a Jesuit college, his early ambition being to become a priest.

More for the purpose of the pure competition, he entered the examination fifteen years ago for a cadetship at West Point, from the Twelfth Congress District of that State. He stood second among twenty-seven applicants, and was appointed alternate. The young man who at the head of the list failed to pass the entrance examinations, and when Young got the chance, he succeeded.  He entered the Academy in 1885, and in 1889 was appointed additional Second Lieutenant in the Tenth Cavalry, a Negro regiment. The same year he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Infantry, also a Negro regiment, and obtained his commission as full Second Lieutenant. He was then transferred to the Ninth Cavalry, the other Negro cavalry regiment. Having passed the examination for promotion, he was commissioned First Lieutenant, and was transferred to the Seventh Cavalry, Custer’s old regiment in 1896, and last year went again to the Ninth Cavalry.

In 1894, Lieut. Young was detailed as professor of military science at Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio a Negro institution. He did so well here that he was selected to perform the same work at Antioch College, Ohio, attended by white students. Last year he was detailed to inspect and instruct the Ninth Battalion of the Ohio National Guard, Negroes, which was in camp at Newark.

Young is of large, imposing build, and thoroughly soldierly appearance, and his race expects great things of him in the war.</text>
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              <text>President Storey claims that President Roosevelt did not have the right to interfere with Cuban independence, and that he acted as a “menace of the future independence.” 
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              <text>Criticized the President
Anti-Imperialist Asks When Roosevelt Became the United States
Boston, Dec. 4.- At the adjourned annual meeting of the Anti-Imperialist League resolutions were adopted expressing confidence in the success of the cause of the complete independence of the Philippine Islands.
In his annual address President Storey criticised President Roosevelt for his interference in the recent difficulties in Cuba, claiming that it was a menace to the future independence of the Cuban republic, as well as a usurpation of the rights of congress. “The United States,” said President Storey, “has the right under the Platt amendment to interfere for the preservation of Cuban independence, but since when has President Roosevelt became the United States?”</text>
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The Jim Crow Car laws are declared unconstitutional after a black man brings the case to court. 
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              <text>The Jim Crow Car law of Kentucky has been declared unconstitutional and a jury sitting in the United States Circuit Court at Owensboro, Ky., found for the plaintiff, Rev. W. H. Anderson the colored minister, who brought suit against the Louisville and Nashville R. R.
        	While the amount asked for was $10,000 the amount awarded was one cent and the costs. As this was a test case the result is highly satisfactory, inasmuch as it settles so far as this court is concerned the constitutionality of the act. The railroad company has appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States Rev. Anderson deserves the support of every right thinking man in this country, regardless of race, color, or previous condition.
        	This attempt to establish special accommodations based upon caste is foreign to our free institutions and should find no lodgment in this republic. The peculiar feature even as it now stands is the act of a state in discriminating against its own citizens.
        	Inter-state travellers cannot be made legally subject to these conditions. It is only when they board a train in the State for another point in the same state that they are forced to submit to these humiliating conditions.
        	The decision that separation of passengers is lawful provided the accommodations are equal is legal quibbling, and the enunciation of the doctrine has given rise to needless embarrassments and hardships. The colored race has become so sadly mixed that it is difficult at times to determine the race of the individual and colored people often enjoy the predicament in which officious white men are placed who never tire of prating about their superiority.</text>
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              <text>During his speech at Cooper Union in New York, Secretary of War William H. Taft “respectfully declines” answering a question regarding the Brownsville affray. </text>
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              <text>Secretary of War William H. Taft spoke at Cooper Union, New York Friday January 10, 1908 and invited questions for anyone who cared to send them. Any person in the audience after the address had been concluded was permitted to ask the speaker any question germane to the subject under discussion. Secretary Taft declined to answer it. Here is a copy of that part of the stenographic report: Secretary Taft-- I understand that when you permit one to come before you and discuss a subject that the questions that are to be addressed to him are upon that subject. The Chairman--Yes; they are pertinent to that subject. Secretary Taft--That is one of the rules of the game? The Chairman--That is one of the rules of the game. Secretary Taft--Now, I only want to illustrate what I think to be one hardly according to the rules of the game. (Reading) “Mr. Chairman: In the name of 30,00 Negro voters of this State I ask you, Mr. Secretary, if you endorse the President’s position in his wholesale discharge of companies C and D in the Brownsville affray, and, if so, are you willing as a candidate for the presidency and as a lawyer to stake your political and legal fortunes upon the accuracy of that position.” “Now, this is a speech that I delivered in Ohio in August I have given a reason why I don’t think it proper for me to discuss a matter which came before the President and before me officially, and which is now pending before the Senate Committee on Military Affairs. The Committee has not voted, the evidence has not all been taken, there has been no discussion in the Senate. The question could not properly arise either for the President to act upon or for me to act upon until that Committee has finished its labors and made its report, and such action as the Senate sees fit shall be taken. Therefore, I must respectfully decline to answer that question. (Applause). I answer it with all respect, but I do not think it is germane to the subject-matter.” The Chairman-- It is not. Secretary Taft--And there is another reason I have explained why I ought not to take it up. If any colored man in the United States can find any consolation in the above utterances, we should like very much to have him render a reason for the faith that is in him. We are fair enough to say that Secretary Taft is not a political devil with horns and that he may not be an inimical to our rights and our interests as he is painted to be by some people, but he is far from the standard set for men of his character and attainments and he has too much of the politician in his anatomy to occupy the pedestal of a statesman. 
Hon. William J. Bryan has endorsed many of the policies and platitudes of Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, but we have not as yet seen where he has ever endorsed his action in punishing 167 loyal soldiers of color by driving them from the army upon evidence which was not sufficient to justify the conviction of a Negro with in the lawless confines of Texas. Secretary Taft need not answer the question, but somebody will answer it before next November or “there’ll be news to carry to Hannah” when the ballots are counted in the doubtful states., Colored folks are in the humor to vote for the Devil himself, rather than for his lieutenant in this campaign.</text>
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              <text>The Republican Convention in New Jersey votes against Secretary Taft and supports the renomination of President Roosevelt, posing delegations that are “uninstructed” by The Planet. &#13;
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              <text>Trenton, N.J., May 6.-- The Republican state convention to select delegates to attend the national convention at Chicago named a delegation that in uninstructed. The convention also voted down resolutions endorsing the candidacy of Secretary Taft for president and favoring the renomination of President Roosevelt. A resolution favoring former Governor Franklin Murphy for vice president was adopted without opposition. The delegates-at-large are as follows: Governor Fort, Frank O. Briggs, John Kean, and David Baird. The platform strongly endorses the administration and policies of President Roosevelt and endorses Governor Fort. On the tariff it says: “The Republicans of New Jersey stand for principles rather than details, and if changing conditions require an adjustment of tariff schedules, we most emphatically insist upon the full maintenance of the protective policy, that the revenues of the government may be preserved. American wages maintained at the highest standards, and American markets preserved for American industries. National prosperity has gone hand to hand with a protective tariff. The welfare of the people demands the continuance of this American policy.”</text>
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              <text>The precinct meetings held in Henrico Co. resulted in complete victory for the Lamb forces.
In Tuckahoe township a divided delegation was the result, as was also the case in Varina. But in Brookland township ten solid Lamb men were elected and ten more in Fairfield township. But in the last named place because he was not placed on the delegation sent from there declining to be pledged to support Mitchell, J.W. Donley refused to sign the credentials of the delegation.
SCANDALOUS PROCEEDINGS.
This was done too in the face of the fact that he participated in the meeting and did not withdraw. When it adjourned there were but three men with him and he had to take men off the other ticket and then the list was incomplete.
The county convention met Monday, March 23rd, at Henrico Co., C. H. A seething mass of humanity tilled the court-yard and street. It was overwhelmingly in favor of Col. William Lamb.
DOORS LOCKED.
The court-house door was kept locked. Democratic constables guarded the front and rear and threatened to arrest the delegates who were in favor of Col. Lamb, if they attempted to secure admission. There was a unanimity in favor of Mitchell for the National Republican Convention, which astounded even his opponents. Chairman Southward, the leader of the Waddill forces, admitted that the Fairfield delegation were plainly entitled to their seats and yet they were locked out of the convention.
MEMBER OF THE DISTRICT COMMITEE DEBARRED.
Alderman John Mitchell, Jr., secretary of the Third Congressional District Committee was denied admission by the Democratic constable upon orders from Waddill’s henchmen.
Randall Burrell was elected temporary chairman, and this vote was subsequently changed and Albert Carter placed in the chair. His unprincipled and scandalous action was a disgrace to civilization.
It was openly asserted that the Lamb delegates would be frozen out, and that no quarter would be shown them. Squire H. F. Jonathan, Alexander Gaines, Alderman James Bahen, Wm Custalo, W. S. Selden, Wilson Nash, Lawyer S. C. Scott, W. G. Singleton, E. A. Washington and the fighting Lawyer Pollard headed the Lamb forces and contended for the right be heard in the county convention. "
Mitchell! Mitchell!" was the cry.
TO BE FROZEN OUT.
The Dispatch reporter came to Alderman Mitchell, having just left ex-Judge Waddill and said; "You'll be frozen out." "We'll see about that.” was the reply.
They had determined to admit only enough for them to carry out their nefarious plans and to lock out all who were not in accord with them.
Alderman Mitchell held a consultation and the course to be pursued mapped out. It was determined elect delegates inside of the court room although Waddill's plan was force the Lamb forces to elect them elsewhere.
BY A LARGE MAJORITY.
The result of the vote disclosed fact that Col. Lamb's followers had 27 out of the 40 delegates. No sooner was this ascertained than a system of jugglery began. Judge Waddill openly paid the delegates money to endeavor to get them to change. He was jeered by the seething multitude.
Finally after barring out the legally elected Fairfield delegation during temporary organization, the committee on credentials reported in favor of seating that delegation and ousting the legal ten delegates from Brookland township.
The prima-facie delegated nor the contestants from the Lamb side were not admitted, Lawyer S. C. Scott, the  precinct chairman and a delegate being denied admission.
NO DISCUSSION ENTERTAINED.
No discussion was listened to and gag-rule of the most pronounced sort resorted to. It was then that Lawyer Poilard entered his protest, and W. U. Singleton's stentorian voice was heard declaring that as they could not get justice from this chairman, he would have it from another.
Edward Mitchell from Woodville had been denied the right to be heard on the report of the committee on credentials and he was adding his voice to the bedlam of appeals. Suddenly they ceased.
Editor Mitchell, who had secured admission from the rear in company with Squire H. F. Jonathan to the surprise of the Waddill forces stood in the doorway.
DELEGATES ELECTED.
This accounted for the quietude. In an instant Edward Mitchell was made permanent chairman, and E. A. Washington, secretary. A motion was made specifying W. U. Singleton, L. H. Dickerson, Edward Mitchell, E. A. Washington, John James, Jr., S. C. Scott, John L. Gaines, Daniel Liggans, Henry Hossier, J. R. Pollard, Robert D. Brown, H. Crutchfield. Alternates - Walthall James, William Murray, Charles Brown, J. S. Evans, Charles Washington, Robert L. Brown as delegates to the state and district conventions. It was seconded and carried.
A motion endorsing Col. William Lamb as state chairman was put and carried and a similar one endorsing John Mitchell, Jr., as delegate to the National Convention.
WHEN THE MEETING ADJOURNED.
The meeting then adjourned. Albert Carter, who had so unceremoniously ridden over the rights of the majority was astounded, as were others of Waddill's henchmen.
A meeting had been held before their eyes, they helping to swell the attendance and the delegates to the mate and district conventions elected before they were able to regain their wits.
When Mitchell's forces attempted to leave the court-room, they found that they had been locked in by this un-republican crew in order for them to swell the minority in a manner as to say that a majority was present when the delegates were elected.
THROUGH THE WINDOWS.
In this they were unsuccessful. Windows were raised and the people on the outside were astounded to see the Mitchell delegates leaping there from to the ground below.
The court-house looked deserted inside and the gaps left gave it an appearance as though dynamite had been exploded in the midst of those assembled. In a room below resolutions denouncing the action of the Waddill faction and discountenancing their illegal action were drawn up, signed, and sworn to before a magistrate by 27 of the 40 delegates to the convention.
It was not long before the Waddill crew, beaten and out done withdrew and the court-house was deserted. The fight had lasted from 12 o'clock until 7 p. m.</text>
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                <text>1896-03-28</text>
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                <text>Delegates Elected</text>
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              <text>Carlos Serrano</text>
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              <text>In a surprise, the Democratic party is defeated in elections in Norfolk, leading to a pickup of Republican seats in Norfolk.</text>
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              <text>That the Democratic machine was beaten In Norfolk has caused much surprise, and many have been the enquries as to how it all was brought about. While the Prohibitionist-Reform Party won, it would be well to remember that the fight was not along the lines of the wet and dry contest which took place in this city several years ago. It was not a question of license or no license, but rather one of men.
The new party put up strong candidates against all of the city officers and in the contest the machine broke down and the manipulators were routed. The effect of this will far-reaching. During the year past we have noted a similar spirit this locality among the white men. There is such a thing as going too-far In the management of the affairs of the people. 
As for the colored people while they have been represented to the contrary are nevertheless among the most conservative class in all communities and when they enlist under the banners of these new movements do so only on account of ill treatment by the powers that be. 
We must confess that we have not been over enthusiastic over these reform movements since our experience of many years ago when the colored brother was so unceremoniously snubbed after having assisted in the elevation of glib-tongued orators to power. We trust that our Norfolk brethren will meet with a greater success and we shall await with Interest the result of the experiment. 
Let them be rational and conservative tn their requests which need not be dignified with the name of demands, and then let them insist upon that to which they are justly entitled. The liberal-minded white southerner should be encouraged in any honest effort to better the financial condition of the community, when in so doing he recognizes the rights of all of the citizens.</text>
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